Resumenes, comentarios de texto, resumenes de libros de Inglés de Universidad

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unequally :          to be unve

appropiately:       suitable fitting

sparingly:              deficiente or limites inquartity

meagerly:               scant knowledge

mumbled:               muttering, uttering the words clearly an guetty

tongue-tied:            Person who feels shame and insecurity in itself

intelligible:             that can be understood

hazily:                      inclear, confused or uncertain

carelesness:            uncorcerne or indifferent, hedless

employers:               A person who pats a visits, calls, guest

sutter:                       to speak whith recurring repetition

dribble:                     to fall is mall drops

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busines=negocios   catering=restauracion

education=educacion  engineering=ingenieria

farming=agricultura   law=derecho

journalism and the media=periodista

medicine=medicina social services=sevicios sociales

travel and tourism=turismo

technology/computing=tecnologia infomatica

ambitious=ambicioso   practical=practico

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unequally : to be unve

appropiately: suitable fitting

sparingly: deficiente or limites inquartity

meagerly: scant knowledge

mumbled: muttering, uttering the words clearly an guetty

tongue-tied: Person who feels shame and insecurity in itself

intelligible: that can be understood

hazily: inclear, confused or uncertain

carelesness_ uncorcerne or indifferent, hedless

employers: A person who pats a visits, calls, guest

sutter: to speak whith recurring repetition

dribble: to fall is mall drops

mix up: assemble without irdes ir sence

dressy: showy or elegant in dress or appearence

stylish: conforming to the current fashion, sytle smart

journal: A personal record of ocurrences, experiences

demotion: means to low in grade, rank or statu

dismissal: An order or notice of dischange

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Subordination and dependent clauses: Subordination: one clause embedded in another. Clauses classified: independent and dependent. Subordinators as clause links: Subordinators: occur in a fixed position at the front of their clause. They introduce dependent clauses. Does not necessarily follow the clause to which it is linked. Possible to move dependent clauses to different positions, e.g. although Signals of subordination:Overt link, in the form of subordinator or wh-word.  A non-finite verb phrase (phrase introduced by an inf, -ing or –ed participle). Non-finite clauses have no tense, cannot include a modal verb and normally no overt link, the non-finite verb form itself signals that the clause is subordinate, e.g. eating. coordination: Can link words, phrases, or clauses. Coordinators (and, or, but, nor) can functions as utterance links in speech. They are very close in function to linking adverbials like however. Use of coordination: 3 major coordinators (and, or, but). And is the +common and also the most used in acad. and fiction writing. But +common in conv. Coordinators can link more than two elements, e.g. red, white and blue. Structures of coordination can be embedded one within another. Some special uses of coordinators:

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CLAUSE PATTERNS: VP is key element in a clause. Valency patterns: intransitive: S+V, monotransitive: S+V+DO, copular: S+V+SP and S+V+A, ditransitive: S+V+IO+DO, complex transitive: s+v+do+op and S+V+DO+A. Clause elements:SUBJECT (noun phrase, occurs with all types of verbs, Subj pronouns are in nominative, precedes verb phrase except when inversion, determines number of VP, in a noun prhase of trans verb can be moved after verb to for passive with use of by, denotes the most important participnat in action with transitive verbs normally the agent, represent the topic though sometimes a clause requires a subj even if it hasn't got meaning (dummy it pronoun). OBJECT

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articulated vowel and immediately move to another sound of equal or greater prominence; the initial vowel position is not held on for any appreciable time. It is the rapid gliding nature of these sounds, combined with the use of weak force of exhalation that renders them consonantal.//Despite the fact that semi-vowels are, in phonetic terms, generally vocalic, they are treated within the consonantal class for the following reasons://1.-Their function is consonantal rather than vowel-like; they have a marginal rather than a central situation in the syllable.//2.-Articles have their preconsonantal form when followed by [j] and [w].//3.-The infinitives of verbs beginning with [w] or [j] take the weak form of “to”.//The semi-vowels are sometimes called frictionless continuants and, in more recent terminology, approximants. The name approximants, like semi-vowels, is given to [w] [j] and sometimes [r]

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Verbs as operators. The operators is the verb used for clause negation or for forming questions (interrogative clauses). To form negative clause: neg particle not inserted after operator. In interrogative clauses, operator placed in front of subj NP. 3 major categories of operators: the first aux verb in the VP: clause negation: he is not listening. Question formation: is he listening? The copular be: clause neg: you’re not serious. Question formation: are you serious? The dummy aux verb do: clause neg: he doesn’t like eating fish. Question formation: where does he live? In simple present and past tenses when no operator is present, the dummy do is inserted to form neg and interrogative clauses: I didn’t buy it. Does it look nice?

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Segmental Phonology: Segmental Phonology roughly refers to what to say. It is concerned with the fundamental building blocks of sound structure: phonemes and distinctive features. Phonemes, Phones and Allophones: A Phoneme is an abstract phonological unit. Word pairs of phonemes are referred to as minimal pairs (/s/ VS /p/).
A phoneme can be pronounced in different ways depending on its environment (/pen/, /open/ (softer after a vowel)). The actual realization of a phoneme in a given environment is called phone, whereas a set of phones that realize the same phoneme is referred to as its ... (Continua)

Phonetics: Its the study of the physical aspect of speech, how the sounds are articulated and perceived. Phonology : The mental representation of sound as part of a symbolic cognitive system; how abstract sound categories are manipulated in the processing of language. Articulatory Phonetics: It studies the way in which speech sounds are produced (closely linked with speech production). Understanding of how sounds are produced involves understanding of the anatomy of speech, i.e. of the organs involved in the production of speech sounds (the lungs, the larynx and the vocal tract), and understanding of the air stream mechanisms.

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