Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History to Bachelor

They say you must have a good command of spoken English if you want to succeed nowadays.//The Chinese people are naturally shy and afraid of making mistakes or mispronouncing words, so it is difficult for them to learn by conversing in a classroom//It's hard to believe that Li , with his natural good looks and charm, started out as a failure.//He decided that he had to change things, and began preparing intensively for an upcoming English exam//LI discovered that he could concentrate and remember better when he read the text out loud.//Some Chinese academics feel that Li should not have departed so radically from conventional teaching methods.//Li is an ardent patriot who sees learning English , the language of international commerce, as a way of enabling China to prosper.//The politician is popular more for his charm than for his views//Scientifics have devised a new method for identifying genes//In Ireland, smoking has been banned in pubs and offices//My father used to read aloud t

Economic and social evolution 1939-1959
The autarky of the war aftermath
In 1939 Spain was a ruined country. With a decimated demography, hunger and extreme need
the situation of the population was unbearable.
The solution given by the regime was to create a model of fascist inspiration: the autarky based
on seIf-sufficiency and state interventionism.
The interventionism of the state expanded in a majority of the national economy. The state fixed agricultural prices and forced the peasant to give the surplus of their harvest. The INl was created in 1941 to control the industry and a rigid control was kept over external trade.
A big economic failure
The aftermath of the war were years of regression in economy. The agrarian and industrial production plunged and once again the first sector supposed more than half the national rent.

la cosmologia: dscribl 1ivrso mniant modls matmaticos. ls modls matmaticos sn 1 conjunto d ecuacions q sirvn xa dscribir sist+ fisicos, cml 1ivrso,prmitiendo prdcir ls propiedads d nuevos sta2 cuando s modifica algunas d sus variabls.

mdida d la vlocidad d aljamiento d ls galaxiasla luz k yega a la tierra dsd ls stryas situadas en ls galaxias contien 1a mzcla d colors o radiacions d distintas longituds d ondas, k puedn sxars mdiant 1 spctroscopio y dar lugar a 1 spctro.---cada spctro sta formado x 7 colors dl arcoiris(luz roja mayor longitud d onda y violta mnor) y sobr eyos s suprpon 1a srie d bandas oscuras d absorcion corrspondient ala prsncia d dtrmina2lmntos kimicos prsnts enl gas intrstlar d la galaxia q absorbn part d la radiaccion.

PASIVE VOICE:

 Present simple: mary eats apples--- Apples are eaten by mary

Past simple: mary wrote a letter--- A letter was written by mary

Presen perft: my cousin has broken a window.--A window has been broken by my cousin

Present continuous: mary is weitting a letter---a letter es being written by Mary

ESTATUAREN LEGE ORGANIKOA

1. -Introduction

The author of the text titled Estatuaren Lege Organikoa was Franco
and the subject of it was establishment of the basic laws for running Spain.
There was a need to institutionalize The Spanish regime in order to give an impression of having laws and being a democratic country. However, the organic law was absolutely superficial, as it was nothing but a matter of appearance.
This text was published in 1967, when the regime underwent some years of openness.
The text is a political one, since it contains political issues concerning Franco´s policy. In addition, it is a first-hand level text as it doesn´t contain any valoration or personal opinion about it.

2.Context

Franquisms bases
Characteristics of the regime:
- Lack of constitution
o State directed by a series of Fundamental laws
o Scarce recognition of rights and freedoms.
- Only one union:
o Vertical union
o Owners and workers together
o Workers distributed by sectors or corporations
- Single party:
o Movimiento Nacional based on Falange
o directed by Franco
o Male and female sections.
o All the groups against the Republic
- Control of all the powers:
o Franco was chief of
· State
· Government
· Party
· Army
o Cortes existed but only for advise
o Franco should approve the Laws
Ideological:
- European Fascist regime, mainly Mussolinis Italian fascim.
- Culte to the leader
- Paramilitary structure+army
- Only one party

Work Charter, 1938
It banned free unios. Following the fascist model, the Union organization was based on the
vertical union controlled by Phalange. V
Court Constituent Law, 1942
Courts were chosen byt indirect suffrage based on corporations; family, municipality and union.
ln the practise they were completely manipulated and the representatives were those
appointed by the regime.
Spaniards Charter, 1945
Theoretical declaration of rights and duties full of traditional and catholic mentality. It did not
imply the recognition of any bill of political or social rights.
National Referendum Law, 1945
This law allowed to the Head of the State to call for plebiscites asking for the support of the

EUSKAL HERRIKO AUTONOMIA ESTATUTUA

The text titled Euskal Herriko Autonomia Estatutua consists of the main articles of the Basque Statute. Published after both the King of Spain, Juan Carlos I, and Adolfo Suarezs government had ratified it and given the approval on the 18^th of December in 1979, as it can be seen at the bottom of the text. By that time, 1979 Constitution was being applied and therefore, the existence of Autonomies allowed.
It is a juridical or legal document, since it is a law similar to a Constitution.
The author of the text is the Basque Government, that is to say, the EAJ-PNV, but as it has to be ratified by the king and the central government to be applied, it is published in the name of the government.
It is a 1^st-hand level text, as it doesn´t contain any opinion or personal valuation of it.

The historical context on which the Basque Statute was approved was that of the Transition. It was made after the establishment of democracy, which was largely due to the collapse of Franco´s regime when he died in 1975.