Conceptos Clave de Inglés: Vocabulario y Gramática

Vocabulario Esencial

A continuación, se presenta una lista de términos importantes con su traducción al español, abarcando diversos campos como el laboral y el legal, así como expresiones idiomáticas y verbos frasales.

• Positions - Puesto de trabajo
• Qualifications - Requisitos
• Fields - Sector
• Shifts - Por turno
• Wages - Salario
• Perks - Ventaja
• Teamwork - Trabajo en equipo
• Out of work - Desempleado
• Sick leave - Baja por enfermedad
• Rewarding - Recompensa
• People skills - Don de gentes
• Reliable - Responsable
• Room for advancement - Posibilidad de ascenso
• Deadlines - Fecha límite
• Steady job - Empleo estable
• Overtime - Horas extras
• Part-time - Horario partido / Tiempo parcial
• Seasonal - Temporal
• Clerk - Administrativo
• Fond of - Encantado con
• Glare - Resplandor
• Mumble - Murmurar
• Nonsense - Absurdo
• Rehearse - Practicar
• Resignation - Dimisión
• Rise - Aumento de sueldo
• Slave - Esclavo
• Starvation - Hambre
• Trace - Trazar
• Work one's way up - Ascender
• Burnt out - Quemado
• Rat race - Competitividad
• Pulling your weight - Hacer tu parte del trabajo
• Got fired - Ser despedido
• Hold down a job - Mantener un trabajo
• Offender - Delincuente
• Forbidden - Prohibido
• Fined - Multado
• Comply - Cumplir
• Theft - Robo
• Behind bars - Entre rejas
• Shoplifting - Robo en tiendas
• Cell - Celda
• Charged with - Acusar de
• Enforce - Hacer cumplir
• Guilty - Culpable
• Convicted - Condenar
• Get into trouble - Meterse en un lío
• Robbery - Robo
• Court - Tribunal
• Trial - Juicio
• Let someone off the hook - Levantar el castigo
• Defy - Desobedecer
• Go straight - Reformarse
• Grabbed - Atrapar
• Term - Término
• Bypass - Saltarse
• Pool - Arsenal
• Breed - Criar
• Gambling - Juegos de apuestas
• Think through - Reflexionar sobre
• Put down - Menospreciar
• Pick up - Mejorar / Aprender
• Bring down - Reducir
• Back up - Respaldar a
• Turn in - Entregarse
• Daylight robbery - Robo a plena luz del día
• Caught red-handed - Pillar in fraganti
• Cover their tracks - Borrar sus huellas
• Crack down on - Tomar medidas drásticas
• Above board - Legal y en regla
• Turn a blind eye - Hacer la vista gorda
• Lay down the law - Dejar las cosas claras
• Mend one's ways - Reformarse
• On the run - A la fuga

Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

El estilo indirecto se utiliza para reportar lo que alguien dijo sin citar sus palabras exactas. Implica cambios en los tiempos verbales, pronombres y adverbios de tiempo y espacio.

Cambios en Tiempos Verbales

Cuando el verbo introductorio (como 'said' o 'asked') está en pasado, los tiempos verbales en la oración reportada suelen retroceder un tiempo.

• Present Simple → Past Simple
  Direct: "I'm a teacher."
  Reported: He said that he was a teacher.
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
  Direct: "I'm having lunch with my parents."
  Reported: He said that he was having lunch with his parents.
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
  Direct: "I've been to France three times."
  Reported: He said that he had been to France three times.
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
  Direct: "I've been working very hard."
  Reported: He said that he had been working very hard.
• Past Simple → Past Perfect
  Direct: "I bought a new car."
  Reported: He said that he had bought a new car.
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
  Direct: "It was raining earlier."
  Reported: He said that it had been raining earlier.
• Past Perfect → No cambia
  Direct: "The play had started when I arrived."
  Reported: He said that the play had started when he arrived.
• Past Perfect Continuous → No cambia
  Direct: "I'd already been living in London for five years."
  Reported: He said that he had already been living in London for five years.
• Will → Would
  Direct: "I will come and see you soon."
  Reported: He said that he would come and see me soon.
• Can → Could
  Direct: "I can swim under water for two minutes."
  Reported: He said that he could swim under water for two minutes.
• Must → Had to
  Direct: "All tickets must be bought in advance."
  Reported: He said that all tickets had to be bought in advance.
• Shall → Should
  Direct: "What shall we do about it?"
  Reported: He asked what we should do about it.
• May → Might
  Direct: "May I smoke?"
  Reported: He asked if he might smoke.

Cambios en Pronombres

Los pronombres personales y posesivos cambian para reflejar la perspectiva de la persona que reporta.

• I → He / She
• My → His / Her
• Our → Their
• This → That
• These → Those
• You → I / He / She / They / We (dependiendo del contexto)

Cambios en Adverbios de Tiempo y Espacio

Los adverbios que indican cercanía en tiempo o espacio cambian a adverbios que indican distancia.

• Here → There
• Now → Then / At the time
• Today → That day
• Yesterday → The day before / The previous day
• This week → That week
• Last week → The week before / The previous week
• An hour ago → An hour before / An hour earlier

Verbos Introductorios

• Para exclamaciones: se usa told.
• Para preguntas: se usa asked.
• Para afirmaciones o negaciones: se usa said.

Reportar Preguntas

Preguntas de Sí/No (Yes/No Questions)

Para preguntas que comienzan con auxiliares (Do, Did, Has, Have, Are, Is, Was, Were, Does, Will), se introduce IF o WHETHER.

• Direct: "Do you like romantic comedies?" Tom asked.
  Reported: Tom asked me if I liked romantic comedies.

Preguntas con Palabras WH- (Wh- Questions)

Para preguntas que comienzan con (how, what, where, when, who, whose, which), se mantiene la palabra WH- y la estructura cambia a la de una afirmación (Wh- palabra + sujeto + verbo).

• Direct: "What time is it?" The student asked.
  Reported: The student asked what time it was.

Reportar Órdenes (Commands)

Las órdenes se reportan usando un verbo introductorio (como 'told') seguido de un infinitivo con 'to'.

Órdenes Afirmativas

• Direct: Mum: "Tidy your room."
  Reported: Mum told me to tidy my room.

Órdenes Negativas

Para órdenes negativas, se añade 'not' antes del infinitivo con 'to'.

• Direct: Policeman: "Don't park there."
  Reported: The policeman told me not to park there.

Oraciones de Relativo (Relative Clauses)

Las oraciones de relativo proporcionan información adicional sobre un sustantivo o pronombre. Se introducen por pronombres relativos.

• Who / That: Se usan para personas.
• Which / That: Se usan para objetos o animales.
• When / That: Se usan para momentos periódicos.
• Where: Se usa para lugares.
• Whose: Se usa para posesión.

Ejemplo de Unión de Oraciones

• Oraciones separadas: She is the friend. She helped me with my homework.
  Oración de relativo: She is the friend who helped me with my homework.

Verbos Modales (Modal Verbs)

Los verbos modales son auxiliares que expresan modalidad (posibilidad, obligación, permiso, etc.).

• Habilidad: can, be able to
• Petición: can, could, may
• Permiso: can, may, might
• Posibilidad: can, could, may, might
• Sugerencia: can, could, should
• Inhabilidad: can't
• Prohibición: can't, mustn't
• Deducción negativa: can't
• Habilidad en el pasado: could
• Petición educada: could, may, might
• Consejo: should, shouldn't
• Necesidad, obligación: need to, have to, must, don't have to, don't need to
• Deducción positiva: must

Nota importante: Generalmente, no se usa "to" después de los verbos modales, excepto con "be able to", "have to" y "need to".