English Study Notes: Grammar and Vocabulary
Conditionals
- Zero Conditional (0): If + present $
ightarrow$ present (always true)
- First Conditional (1): If + present $
ightarrow$ future (will) (possibilities, advice, promises)
- Second Conditional (2): If + past simple $
ightarrow$ would + infinitive (hypothetical cases)
- Third Conditional (3): If + past perfect $
ightarrow$ would have + past participle (past hypotheses)
Vocabulary: Relationships & Daily Actions
- Row: discusión
- Finished with: terminar / romper
- Date: cita amorosa
- Appointment: cita (médico, etc.)
- Fancy: gustar / atraer (fer gràcia)
- Flirt: coquetear / tontejar
- HIRE: car / bike
- SPEND: night / week
- TAKE: trip / photograph
- GO: sightseeing / hiking
- EXPLORE: area / city
- CATCH: bus / train
- PACK: rucksack / suitcase
- GO ON: holiday / adventure
- BOOK: hotel / flight
Vocabulary: Prefixes and Extreme Adjectives
Negative Prefixes
- unusual - disapprove
- dishonesty - uncomfortable
- irresponsible - illegible
- impossible - disloyalty
- incompatible - immature
- illegal - impolite - irrational
Extreme Adjectives
- upset $
ightarrow$ devastated
- attractive $
ightarrow$ gorgeous
- ugly $
ightarrow$ hideous
- pleased $
ightarrow$ delighted
- interested $
ightarrow$ fascinated
- funny $
ightarrow$ hilarious
- scared $
ightarrow$ terrified
- sad $
ightarrow$ miserable
- surprised $
ightarrow$ amazed
- clever $
ightarrow$ brilliant
Connectors
- Contrast:
- Although / Even though: sub. + verb (encara que)
- Despite / In spite of: noun (malgrat)
- However: (tanmateix)
- In contrast to: noun (a diferencia de)
- In spite of the fact that: (pesar de...) - usually at the beginning
- Reason:
- Because: subject + verb
- Due to: noun (degut a)
- As: sub. + verb (ja que)
- Purpose:
- In order to / To: + verb (infinitive) (per tal de)
- Result and Consequence:
- So: subject + verb (per tant)
- Consequently: (consequentment)
- Such: adjective + noun
- So... that / Such... that
- Addition & Example:
- Besides: (a més a més)
- Like: (com)
- For example: (per exemple)
- Too: (també)
Modal Verbs
- Permission: can, could, may, might
- Obligation: must, have to (rules), had to, will have to
- Prohibition: mustn't, can't, couldn't, won't be able to
- Ability: can, could, be able to, was able to (specific moments)
- Advice: should, ought to
- Possibility: must, could, may, might, can't
Modal Perfects
- Possibility / Deduction (Past): must, could, may, might, can't + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Vocabulary: Phrasal Verbs & Relationships
- Go out: salir / sortir
- Settle down: formalizar una relación / formalitzar una relació
- Split up: romper / trencar
- Grown apart: tomar caminos diferentes / separar-se en camins diferents
- Fallen out: pelearse / barallar-se
Word Families: Nouns, Verbs & Adjectives
- Verbs: determine, endure, inspire, encourage
- Nouns: determination, encouragement, inspiration
- Adjectives: ambitious, able, tough (dura), weak (débil), patient
- Nouns (Qualities): ambition, ability, toughness, weakness, patience
Common Collocations
- Lose: touch / your memory / your temper / weight
- Take: a break (descansar) / a look / your time / notes
- Get: a job / nowhere (no arribar a enlloc) / permission / the chance
