Dominando los Modales en Inglés: Permiso, Obligación y Más

Habilidad y Permiso

• Can: Habilidad (saber) - Poder [Presente]
• Could: Habilidad (saber) - Poder [Pasado]
• May: Poder (1ª persona singular o plural)
• Be able to: Ser capaz de
• Be allowed to: Tener permiso (momento particular o contrato pasado)

Obligación

• Must: Deber (impuesta por uno mismo)
• Have to: Tener que (leyes, normas)
• Needn’t: No tener que

Necesidad

• Need to: Necesitar, ser necesario. (En negativo e interrogativo no usar “to”)

Consejo

• Should / Ought to: Debería (Ought to no en negativo)
• Had better: Sería mejor
• Could: Podría

Posibilidad

• May / May not: Puede que (presente o futuro)
• Might / Might not: Posibilidad muy remota (presente o futuro)
• Could: Puede que (presente o futuro)

Certeza

• Must: Algo que es posible (deber)
• Can’t: Algo imposible (no poder)

Ofrecimientos

• Would
• Shall: (1ª persona singular o plural) pedir sugerencias

Hábitos

• Used to: Soler (en pasado)
• Be used to: Estar acostumbrado a
• Not Get used to + ing/sustantivo: No acostumbrarse a

Perfect Modals

• Can't have + pp: No puede haber (hecho que parece imposible)
• Must have + pp: Debe haber (conclusión lógica acerca del pasado)
• May/Might/Could have + pp: Quizás haya, puede que haya
• Should/Ought to have + pp: Debería haber (en el pasado pero no ocurrió)
• Shouldn’t have + pp: No debería haber
• Needn’t have + pp: No hubiese sido necesario

Relative Clauses

• Who/That: Que (personas)
• Whom: Que (personas)
• Which/That: Que (ideas o cosas)
• When: Cuando, en el que (tiempo)
• Where: Donde, en el que (lugar)
• Whose: Cuyo,a,os,as (posesión)
• Why: Razón

Reported Speech

• Present Simple -> Past Simple
  • Vb normal o -s -> Vb en -ed (int did)
• Present Continuous -> Past Continuous
  • Am/is/are + ing -> Was/were + ing
• Present Perfect Simple -> Past Perfect Simple
  • Have +ed/3ª colum -> Had + ed/3ª colum
• Present Perfect Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
  • Have been +ing -> Had been + ing
• Past Simple -> Past Perfect Simple
  • Vb + ed (int did) -> Had + ed/3ª columna
• Past Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
  • Was/were +ing -> Had been +ing
• Future Continuous -> Conditional Continuous
  • Will be +ing -> Would be + ing
• Future Perfect -> Conditional Perfect
  • Will have + pp -> Would have + pp

Passive Voice

• PRESENT SIMPLE
  • Am / is / are + past participle
• PRESENT CONTINUOUS
  • Am / is / are being + past participle
• PAST SIMPLE
  • Was / were + past participle
• PAST CONTINUOUS
  • Was / were being + past participle
• PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
  • Have / has been + past participle
• PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
  • Had been + past participle
• SIMPLE FUTURE
  • Will be + past participle
• FUTURE PERFECT
  • Will have been + past participle
• SIMPLE CONDITIONAL
  • Would be + past participle.
• BE GOING TO
  • Am / is / are going to be + past participle
• MODALS
  • Should / must / have to / might / could / can...be + past participle