Dominio de Estructuras Gramaticales Avanzadas en Inglés: Comparativos, Condicionales y Estilo Indirecto

Repaso de Estructuras Gramaticales Clave en Inglés

I. Grados del Adjetivo: Comparativos y Superlativos

1. Comparativos (Comparan dos elementos)

Se usan para indicar que algo posee una cualidad en mayor medida que otra cosa. Se añade la conjunción than (que) después del adjetivo.

• Adjetivos Cortos (1 sílaba): Añadir la terminación -er.
  • Ejemplo: Tall → Taller (más alto)
• Adjetivos Largos (2+ sílabas): Usar el adverbio more antes del adjetivo.
  • Ejemplo: Difficult → More difficult (más difícil)

2. Superlativos (Destacan uno en un grupo)

Se usan para indicar que algo posee una cualidad en el grado máximo dentro de un conjunto. Siempre requieren el artículo definido the (el/la) antes del adjetivo.

• Adjetivos Cortos (1 sílaba): Añadir la terminación -est.
  • Ejemplo: Short → The shortest (el más bajo)
• Adjetivos Largos (2+ sílabas): Usar el adverbio most antes del adjetivo.
  • Ejemplo: Expensive → The most expensive (el más caro)

3. Irregulares Clave

Práctica de Grados del Adjetivo

Completa las siguientes oraciones:

1. London is _________ (big) than Manchester. → London is bigger than Manchester.
2. This is the _________ (expensive) hotel in the city. → This is the most expensive hotel in the city.
3. My results are _________ (good) than yours. → My results are better than yours.
4. She is _________ (happy) person I know. → She is the happiest person I know.

Selecciona la opción correcta:

The blue whale is _________ animal on Earth. (A. biger / B. the most big / C. the biggest) → The blue whale is the biggest animal on Earth.

Choose the correct sentence. (A. History is more boring than science. / B. History is boringer than science.) → History is more boring than science.

II. Estructuras Condicionales

El First Conditional (Condicional Real/Posible)

Se utiliza para hablar de situaciones futuras que son posibles o probables de ocurrir.

Estructura

Se construye usando dos cláusulas:

• Cláusula If (Condición): Se usa el Presente Simple.
• Cláusula Principal (Resultado): Se usa Will + Verbo en infinitivo.

Ejemplos

• If it rains, I won't go to the park. (Si llueve, no iré al parque.)
• If you study hard, you will pass the exam. (Si estudias mucho, aprobarás el examen.)

El Second Conditional (Condicional Irreal/Hipotético)

Se usa para hablar de situaciones hipotéticas, imaginarias, o que son improbables que ocurran en el presente o futuro.

Estructura

Se construye usando dos cláusulas:

• Cláusula If (Condición): Se usa el Pasado Simple.
• Cláusula Principal (Resultado): Se usa Would + Verbo en infinitivo.

Nota Importante

Para el verbo "to be" en la cláusula If, se prefiere usar were para todas las personas (I, he, she, it), aunque was también se acepta en el lenguaje informal.

Ejemplos

• If I were rich, I would buy a big house. (Si yo fuera rico, compraría una casa grande. - *Es poco probable que sea rico ahora.*)
• If she had more time, she would learn to play the piano. (Si ella tuviera más tiempo, aprendería a tocar el piano. - *No tiene tiempo ahora.*)

III. Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

La transformación del discurso directo al indirecto requiere ajustes en los tiempos verbales, pronombres y referencias de tiempo/lugar. Este proceso se conoce como Backshift.

1. Retroceso del Tiempo Verbal (Backshift)

Casi siempre debes mover el tiempo verbal un paso atrás hacia el pasado:

• Presente → Pasado (Ej: am/is/are → was/were; goes → went).
• Pasado Simple/Presente Perfecto → Pasado Perfecto (Ej: went → had gone; have seen → had seen).
• Modales: Will → Would; Can → Could; Must/Have to → Had to.

2. Cambia Pronombres y Referencias

Ajusta las palabras que indican la persona, el lugar y el tiempo:

• Pronombres: I → He/She; My → His/Her.
• Tiempo: Now → Then; Today → That day; Tomorrow → The next day.
• Lugar: Here → There; This → That.

Transformación de Declaraciones

Transformación de Preguntas

IV. Texto de Comprensión y Aplicación

Changes to Start Studying

I've always left all my studying until the last minute, and I want to start preparing more for exams and not be so nervous.

Initially, my plan was to study each subject for one hour every day, but I realized that was too many hours of studying a day, and I couldn't concentrate, so the plan failed. Then I decided to make a smaller change, which was to review everything I saw during the day for about 30 minutes and rewrite the material.

The biggest obstacle was my obsession with my cell phone. The good thing is that I started doing better in university.

Finally, I managed to maintain that change, and I was able to improve my grades a little. Later, I'll try more drastic changes.

Narrative in Past Continuous and Past Perfect Continuous

Alex was walking home alone and was thinking about the difficult day he had had. His feet were hurting because he had been standing for hours at work. The emergency siren began to wail across the quiet city. He looked up, confused, as this had never happened before. He saw lights flashing down the street. A car was swerving out of control. Fortunately, it missed the pedestrian crossing. Alex ran to a nearby payphone. He knew he had to report the license plate, so he dialed the number. He explained what he had seen. The police thanked him, and he felt proud that he had helped them.