Dominio de la Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales, Estilo Indirecto y Voz Pasiva

Tiempos Verbales en Inglés

Future Continuous

Estructura: will be + -ing / won’t be + -ing.

Se utiliza para acciones que se estarán desarrollando en un momento del futuro, previstas de antemano. Expresiones temporales: This time, at, tomorrow, next, In 2030...

Future Perfect Simple

Estructura: will have + 3ª columna (-ed) / won’t have + 3ª columna (-ed).

Se refiere a acciones que se habrán completado en un momento concreto del futuro. Expresión clave: by.

Present Perfect Simple

Estructura: have/has + 3ª columna (-ed).

Se utiliza para acciones o situaciones del pasado que tienen efecto en el presente. Expresiones clave: yet o already.

Present Perfect Continuous

Estructura: have/has been + -ing.

Se usa para expresar la duración de una acción que comenzó en el pasado y sigue dándose en el presente.

Past Perfect Simple

Estructura: had + 3ª columna (-ed).

Se utiliza para acciones pasadas que sucedieron antes que otra acción también pasada. Ejemplo: ...but the train had already left.

Past Perfect Continuous

Estructura: had been + -ing.

Se utiliza para describir lo que pasó durante un tiempo antes de otra acción del pasado.

Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

Statements (Declaraciones)

El estilo indirecto implica dar un paso atrás en el tiempo verbal:

• Present Simple o Continuous pasa a Past Simple o Continuous.
• Las demás formas suelen pasar a Past Perfect Simple.
• Will cambia a would.
• Can cambia a could.
• Must cambia a had to.

Ejemplo: “I will be famous” → She said that she would be famous.

Questions (Preguntas)

Existen varios tipos de transformaciones:

1. Preguntas directas: “How is he?” → She asked me how he was.
2. Con partículas interrogativas (Who, Why, When, etc.): Se conserva la partícula. Ejemplo: “What are you doing?” → He asked her what she was doing.
3. Sin partículas interrogativas: Se utiliza if o whether. Ejemplo: “Are you famous?” → He asked her if she was famous.

Orders and Requests (Órdenes y Peticiones)

Diferentes estructuras según la intención:

• Órdenes: “Get out!” → He ordered/told them to get out. (En negativo se añade not: not to get out).
• Peticiones: “Can you help me?” → The girl asked/told me to help her.
• Sugerencias: “Let’s go by bus” → He suggested going by bus.

Time and Place Expressions (Expresiones de tiempo y lugar)

• Here → there
• This → that
• These → those
• Now → then
• Next week → the following week
• Today → that day
• Tonight → that night
• Tomorrow → the following day
• Yesterday → the day before
• Last week → the week before

Voz Pasiva (Passive Voice)

Transformaciones según el tiempo verbal:

• Present Simple: take → is taken
• Present Continuous: is taking → is being taken
• Present Perfect: have taken → have been taken
• Past Simple: took → was taken
• Past Continuous: was taking → was being taken
• Past Perfect: had taken → had been taken
• Will: will take → will be taken
• Going to: going to take → going to be taken
• Can: can take → can be taken

De Pasiva a Activa

Se realizan los pasos al revés. Ejemplo: They were being watched → Someone was watching them.

Pasiva con dos objetos

Cuando hay un objeto directo y uno indirecto, existen dos opciones:

• My parents bought me a present → A present was bought for me o I was bought a present.
• They gave us a free sample → A free sample was given to us o We were given a free sample.

Conectores: Contrast and Cause

• Although: Se utiliza seguido de sujeto y verbo. Ejemplo: Although I had...
• In spite of / Despite: Se utiliza seguido de sustantivo, pronombre o forma -ing. Ejemplo: In spite of the rain, In spite of having, In spite of this.
• Because of: Se utiliza para indicar causa seguido de un sustantivo o pronombre.