Dominio de la Gramática Inglesa: Verbos Modales, Voz Pasiva y Estilo Indirecto

Verbos Modales (Modals)

• Can: Expresa capacidad o habilidad.
• Be able to: Expresa ser capaz de (habilidad en distintos tiempos).
• Can’t: Indica prohibición o imposibilidad.
• Could: Expresa capacidad en el pasado o cortesía.
• May: Indica posibilidad o se usa para una petición formal.
• Might: Expresa una posibilidad remota.
• Need to: Indica obligación o necesidad.
• Have to: Expresa obligación externa.
• Must: Indica obligación personal o fuerte.
• Mustn’t: Expresa prohibición.
• Would: Se utiliza para pedir u ofrecer algo de manera educada.
• Should: Se usa para dar un consejo.
• Ought to: Expresa un consejo en forma afirmativa.

Modales Perfectos (Perfect Modals)

Estas estructuras se utilizan para hablar sobre situaciones del pasado:

• Should have: Significa debería haber (arrepentimiento o consejo pasado).
• Could have: Significa podría haber (posibilidad no realizada).
• May / Might have: Expresa una suposición sobre el pasado.
• Must have: Se usa para una conclusión lógica (debió haber) + Verbo en participio (-ed o 3ª columna).
• Shouldn’t have: Significa no debería haber.
• Would have: Indica algo que se quiso hacer, mas no pudo ser.

Pronombres Relativos (Relatives)

• Who: Referido a personas (quien, quienes).
• When: Referido al tiempo (cuando).
• Where: Referido a un lugar (donde).
• Which: Referido a lugares, animales o cosas.
• Whom: Referido a personas (a quien/es), generalmente tras preposición.
• Whose: Indica posesión en personas (de quien / cuyo).

Voz Pasiva (Passive Voice)

Transformación de la estructura según el tiempo verbal:

• Present Simple: Subject directs → is directed.
• Present Continuous: Is directing → is being directed.
• Past Simple: Subject directed → was directed.
• Past Continuous: Was directing → was being directed.
• Present Perfect Simple: Has directed → has been directed.
• Past Perfect Simple: Had directed → had been directed.
• Future: Will direct → will be directed.
• Modal Perfect: Should have directed → should have been directed.
• Have to: Has to direct → has to be directed.
• Be going to: Is going to direct → is going to be directed.

Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)

Cambios en Tiempos Verbales

• Present Simple → Past Simple: Trains → trained.
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous: Is training → was training.
• Past Simple → Past Perfect: Trained → had trained.
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: Was training → had been training.
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect: Has trained → had been training (o had trained).
• Future → Conditional: Will train → would train.
• Can → Could: Can → could / be able to.
• May → Might: May → might.
• Must → Had to: Must → had to.
• Should → Should: Se mantiene igual.

Cambios en Expresiones de Tiempo y Lugar

• Now → Then
• Today → That day
• Tonight → That night
• Yesterday → The day before
• Last night → The night before
• Tomorrow → The next day
• Ago → Before
• A month ago → The month before
• Here → There
• This → That
• These → Those