Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Structures for Learners

English Language Essentials: Vocabulary & Grammar Structures

This comprehensive resource provides a structured overview of essential English vocabulary categories and fundamental grammar tenses, designed to enhance your language proficiency.

Vocabulary Builders

Journeys

• dream come true (sueño hecho realidad)
• explore (explorar)
• feel lonely (sentirse solo)
• journey (viaje)
• make (one's) way (abrirse paso / avanzar)
• on (one's) own (por su cuenta / solo)
• on the way (en camino)
• overcome obstacles (superar obstáculos)
• reach (one's) destination (llegar a su destino)
• run out of (quedarse sin)
• set off (partir / emprender un viaje)
• survive (sobrevivir)

Feelings

• annoyed (molesto)
• antisocial (antisocial)
• cheerful (alegre)
• confused (confundido)
• delighted (encantado)
• energetic (enérgico)
• enthusiastic (entusiasta)
• irritable (irritable)
• miserable (miserable)
• shocked (impactado)
• thrilled (emocionado)
• upset (molesto / disgustado)

Achievements

• appear on television (aparecer en televisión)
• compose songs (componer canciones)
• do charity work (realizar trabajo de caridad)
• donate money (donar dinero)
• earn a lot of money (ganar mucho dinero)
• make a significant contribution (hacer una contribución significativa)
• perform on stage (actuar en el escenario)
• represent his/her country (representar a su país)
• save the environment (salvar el medio ambiente)
• take part in international competitions (participar en competencias internacionales)

Activities

• act in a play (actuar en una obra de teatro)
• archery (tiro con arco)
• camping (acampar)
• canoeing (piragüismo)
• create sound effects (crear efectos de sonido)
• designing fashion accessories (diseñar accesorios de moda)
• direct a film (dirigir una película)
• learning survival skills (aprender habilidades de supervivencia)
• making pottery (hacer cerámica)
• orienteering (orientación en la naturaleza)
• perform in a band (tocar en una banda)
• rock climbing (escalar rocas)
• study computer animation (estudiar animación por computadora)
• windsurfing (hacer windsurf)

English Verb Tenses: Structure & Usage

Present Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + verb (base form; with -s for 3^rd person singular).
• Negative: Subject + do/does + not + verb (base form).
• Interrogative: Do/Does + subject + verb (base form)?

Past Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + was/were + verb with -ing.
• Negative: Subject + was/were + not + verb with -ing.
• Interrogative: Was/Were + subject + verb with -ing?

Present Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb with -ing.
• Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb with -ing.
• Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb with -ing?

Future Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + will be + verb with -ing.
• Negative: Subject + will not (won’t) be + verb with -ing.
• Interrogative: Will + subject + be + verb with -ing?

Future Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + will + verb (base form).
• Negative: Subject + will not (won’t) + verb (base form).
• Interrogative: Will + subject + verb (base form)?

Past Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + verb in past form.
• Negative: Subject + did not (didn’t) + verb (base form).
• Interrogative: Did + subject + verb (base form)?

Present Perfect

• Affirmative: Subject + have/has + past participle.
• Negative: Subject + have/has + not + past participle.
• Interrogative: Have/Has + subject + past participle?

Subject-Verb Agreement for Auxiliary Verbs

Understanding how auxiliary verbs change with different subjects is crucial for correct sentence construction across various tenses.

• I: am (Present Continuous), have (Present Perfect), was (Past Simple/Continuous)
• You (singular/plural): are (Present Continuous), have (Present Perfect), were (Past Simple/Continuous)
• He/She/It: is (Present Continuous), has (Present Perfect), was (Past Simple/Continuous), +s (Present Simple main verb)
• We: are (Present Continuous), have (Present Perfect), were (Past Simple/Continuous)
• They: are (Present Continuous), have (Present Perfect), were (Past Simple/Continuous)