Gramática Inglesa Esencial: Estructuras y Usos Prácticos

Tiempos Verbales Fundamentales

Present Simple

El Present Simple se utiliza para hábitos, verdades generales y horarios.

• Afirmativo: I play basketball, he plays basketball, we play basketball.
• Negativo: I don't play, he doesn't play, we don't play.

Present Continuous

El Present Continuous describe acciones que están ocurriendo ahora o situaciones temporales.

• Afirmativo: I am swimming, you are swimming, he is swimming, we are swimming.
• Negativo: I am not swimming, you aren't swimming, he isn't swimming, we aren't swimming.

Present Perfect

El Present Perfect conecta el pasado con el presente, a menudo para experiencias o acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y continúan o tienen un resultado en el presente.

• Afirmativo: I have changed, he has changed, we have changed.
• Negativo: I haven't changed, he hasn't changed, we haven't changed.

Past Simple

El Past Simple se usa para acciones completadas en un momento específico del pasado.

• Afirmativo: I played, he played, we played.
• Negativo: I didn't play, he didn't play, we didn't play.

Past Continuous

El Past Continuous describe acciones en progreso en un momento específico del pasado.

• Afirmativo: I was looking, you were looking, he was looking, we were looking.
• Negativo: I wasn't looking, you weren't looking, he wasn't looking, we weren't looking.

Formas Futuras y Modales

Future Simple (Will)

El Future Simple con will se usa para predicciones, decisiones espontáneas y promesas.

• Afirmativo: I will go, he will go, we will go.
• Negativo: I won't go, he won't go, we won't go.

Conditional (Would)

El modal would se utiliza para expresar deseos, preferencias o situaciones hipotéticas.

• Afirmativo: I would love to go, he would hate to go, we would prefer to go.
• Negativo: I wouldn't like to go, he wouldn't like to go, we wouldn't like to go.

Obligation (Have to)

El verbo modal have to expresa obligación o necesidad.

• Afirmativo: I have to work, he has to work, we have to work.
• Negativo: I don't have to work, he doesn't have to work, we don't have to work.

Future (Be Going To)

La estructura be going to se usa para planes futuros o predicciones basadas en evidencia presente.

• Afirmativo: I am going to leave, you are going to leave, he is going to leave, we are going to leave.
• Negativo: I am not going to leave, you aren't going to leave, he isn't going to leave, we aren't going to leave.

Oraciones Condicionales

First Conditional

El First Conditional se usa para hablar de situaciones futuras posibles y sus resultados.

• If I run, I will be on time.
• If he practices, he will succeed.
• If we revise, we will pass the exam.
• If I don't run, I won't be on time.
• If he doesn't practice, he won't succeed.
• If we don't revise, we won't pass the exam.

Second Conditional

El Second Conditional se usa para hablar de situaciones hipotéticas o imaginarias en el presente o futuro, y sus resultados.

• If I got up earlier, I wouldn't be late.
• If he ate more fruit, he would be healthier.
• If we studied more, we would do better at school.
• If I didn't go to bed late, I wouldn't be so tired.
• If he didn't eat unhealthy food, he wouldn't be ill.
• If we didn't watch TV so much, we would be fitter.

Pronombres y Cuantificadores

Relative Pronouns

Los pronombres relativos conectan cláusulas y se refieren a un sustantivo mencionado anteriormente.

• Who: para personas.
• Which: para objetos o ideas.
• Where: para lugares.

Object Pronouns

Los pronombres de objeto reciben la acción del verbo.

me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them.

Possessive Adjectives

Los adjetivos posesivos indican posesión y siempre van antes de un sustantivo.

my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.

Otros Conceptos Clave

Prepositions of Time: For & Since

• For: indica duración (e.g., for three hours).
• Since: indica el punto de inicio de una acción (e.g., since 2020).

Quantifiers

Los cuantificadores se usan para expresar la cantidad de un sustantivo.

• Some: para afirmaciones (con sustantivos contables y no contables).
• Any: para negaciones e interrogaciones (con sustantivos contables y no contables).
• A lot of: para afirmaciones (con sustantivos contables y no contables, más informal).
• Many: para negaciones e interrogaciones de sustantivos contables.
• Much: para negaciones e interrogaciones de sustantivos incontables.

Comparatives and Superlatives

Los comparativos y superlativos se usan para comparar elementos.

• Comparativo: Se forma añadiendo -er a adjetivos cortos (e.g., smaller).
• Superlativo: