Gramática inglesa: tiempos verbales, estilo indirecto y vocabulario esencial

Tiempos verbales en inglés

Present simple:

• Afirmativa: I/you/we/they work; she/he/it works
• Negativa: I/you/we/they don't work; she/he/it doesn't work
• Interrogativa: Do I/you/we/they work? Does she/he/it work?

Present Continuous:

• Afirmativa: I am singing; you/we/they are singing; he/she/it is singing
• Negativa: I'm not singing; you/we/they aren't singing; she/he/it isn't singing
• Interrogativa: Am I singing? Are you/we/they singing? Is she/he/it singing?

Past simple:

• Afirmativa: I/she/he/it/you/we/they finished
• Negativa: I/she/he/it/you/we/they didn't finish
• Interrogativa: Did I/she/he/it/you/we/they finish?

Past continuous:

• Afirmativa: I/she/he/it was visiting; you/we/they were visiting
• Negativa: I/she/he/it wasn't visiting; you/we/they weren't visiting
• Interrogativa: Was I/she/he/it visiting? Were you/we/they visiting?

Past perfect simple:

• Afirmativa: I/she/he/it/you/we/they had arrived
• Negativa: I/she/he/it/you/we/they hadn't arrived
• Interrogativa: Had I/she/he/it/we/you/they arrived?

Present perfect simple:

• Afirmativa: I/you/we/they have lived; she/he/it has lived
• Negativa: I/you/we/they haven't lived; he/she/it hasn't lived
• Interrogativa: Have I/you/we/they lived? Has she/he/it lived?

Future simple:

• Afirmativa: I/she/he/it/you/we/they will allow
• Negativa: I/she/he/it/we/they won't allow
• Interrogativa: Will I/she/he/it/you/we/they allow?

Present perfect continuous:

• Afirmativa: I/you/we/they have been working; she/he/it has been working
• Negativa: I/you/we/they have not been working; she/he/it has not been working
• Interrogativa: Have I/you/we/they been working? Has she/he/it been working?

Past perfect continuous:

• Afirmativa: I/you/she/he/it/we/they had been working
• Negativa: I/you/she/he/it/we/they had not been working
• Interrogativa: Had I/you/she/he/it/we/they been working?

Estilo indirecto (Reported speech)

Cambios de tiempo verbal

Present simple → Past simple; present continuous → past continuous; present perfect → past perfect; past simple → past perfect; present perfect continuous → past perfect continuous; past continuous → past perfect continuous; future simple → conditional (would).

Otros cambios

today → that day; yesterday → the day before; the day before yesterday → two days before; tomorrow → the following day; the day after tomorrow → in two days' time; this/these → that/those; here → there; ago → before; now → then; last week → the previous week; next week → the following week.

Verbos reportados

• Agree, offer, promise, refuse, threaten + to + verb
• Advise, ask, invite, order, remind, warn + pronombre (you, me, he, she) + to + verb
• Admit, accuse of, apologise for, complain to, deny, insist on, suggest + verb en -ing

Oraciones de relativo (Relatives)

• Personas: who, that
• Cosas: which, that
• Lugares: where
• Tiempo: when
• Posesión: whose

Vocabulario

Estado de ánimo y dificultad

mood: humor; tough: difícil; approach: parlar amb; all the rage: l'última moda; remain: continuar sent; accurate: exacte; firm: empresa; exhibit: exposició; trigger: provocar.

Phrasal verbs

start out: començar; start over: tornar a començar; start up: engegar; set up: crear; set off: provocar; set back: endarrerir; bring back: fer venir a la memòria; bring along: portar; break up: separar-se; grown apart: distanciar-se; get along: avenir-se; look up to: admirar; take after: assemblar-se a; live up to: estar a l'altura de; push around: intimidar; fight back: defensar-se; take a break: descansar; turn into: convertir-se; nothing to do with: res a veure amb; get to: tenir l'oportunitat de.

Sabor, olor y sensaciones

bitter: amarg; tasty: saborós; savoury: saborós; bright: viu; pale: clar; pleasant: agradable; disgusting: desagradable; faint: dèbil; deafening: ensordidor; smooth: suau; rough: aspre; odour: olor; stink: fer pudor; stroke: acaronar; flavour: sabor; rhythm: ritme; whisper: parlar en veu baixa; stare: guardar; pattern: dibuix; taste: pagar algú amb la mateixa moneda; ear: orella; touch: tocar; sense: sentit; see: mirar; tooth: dent.

Otro vocabulario

referee: àrbitre; overheard: sentir; flee: fugir; buried: enterrar; nodded: fer que sí; settled for: conformar-se amb; cheered: aclamar; grateful: agraït; self-centred: egocèntric; fake: fingir; interest: interès; frustrate: frustrar; prefer: preferir; marry: matrimoni; sibling: germà; cousin: cosí; single: solter; an only child: fill únic; niece: neboda; nephew: nebot; widow: viuda; relative: familiar; great-grandfather: besavi; brother-in-law: cunyat; spouse: cònjuge; engaged: promès; pregnant: embarassada; inherit: heretar; jealous: gelós; bond: lligam; raised: educar.