Gramàtica Anglesa Essencial: Guia Completa de Temps Verbals i Estructures
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1. Temps Verbals en Anglès: Guia Completa
| Temps verbal | Ús principal | Exemple afirmatiu | Marcadors temporals |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Hàbits, veritats, horaris | I wake up at 7 AM | Always, usually, never... |
| Present Continuous | Acció en progrés / futur proper | She is studying now | Now, at the moment, today... |
| Past Simple | Acció acabada en el passat | We visited Paris | Ago, yesterday, last... |
| Past Continuous | Acció en progrés en el passat | I was reading when she called | While, at this time yesterday |
| Present Perfect Simple | Experiència / Acció amb connexió al present | He has never been to Japan | Just, already, ever... |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Acció continuada amb efecte en el present | They have been working | Since, for, lately... |
| Past Perfect Simple | Acció anterior a una altra en el passat | She had left before we arrived | By the time, already |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Acció continuada abans d'una altra acció passada | He had been running | For, since, before |
| Future Simple (will) | Promeses, decisions espontànies, prediccions | I will call you later | Tomorrow, next... |
| Be going to | Intencions, plans previs | We are going to travel | Tomorrow, next week... |
| Future Continuous | Acció en progrés en un moment futur | I will be flying to London | At this time tomorrow... |
| Future Perfect Simple | Acció completada abans d'un moment futur | She will have graduated by 2025 | By, by this time tomorrow |
2. Oracions Condicionals: Tipus i Usos
| Tipus | Estructura | Ús | Exemple |
|---|---|---|---|
| Zero Conditional | If + Present Simple → Present Simple | Veritats generals | If water boils, it evaporates |
| First Conditional | If + Present Simple → Will + infinitiu | Situació real o possible | If you come, we will go |
| Second Conditional | If + Past Simple → Would + infinitiu | Futur improbable / present irreal | If I won the lottery, I would travel |
| Third Conditional | If + Past Perfect → Would have + PP | Situació irreal passada | If I had studied, I would have passed |
3. La Veu Passiva en Anglès
| Temps | Activa | Passiva |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | The chairman arranges... | The meeting is arranged... |
| Past Simple | ...arranged | ...was arranged |
| Present Continuous | ...is arranging | ...is being arranged |
| Past Continuous | ...was arranging | ...was being arranged |
| Present Perfect | ...has arranged | ...has been arranged |
| Past Perfect | ...had arranged | ...had been arranged |
| Future Simple | ...will arrange | ...will be arranged |
| Future Perfect | ...will have arranged | ...will have been arranged |
| Modals | ...must arrange / have to / going to | ...must be arranged / has to be... |
Veu Passiva Especial
Amb verbs com say, think, believe... es pot formar de dues maneres: Impersonal (It is said...) o Personal (She is said to...).
4. Verbs Causatius: Estructura i Exemples
Estructura: Have/Get + objecte + participi passat
I got my car fixed.
She is having her hair cut.
5. Gerundi i Infinitiu: Usos Essencials
Gerundi (verb + -ing):
Després de verbs com: enjoy, finish, avoid...
Després de preposicions
En expressions com: be used to, feel like, can’t stand...
Infinitiu (to + verb):
Després de verbs com: want, plan, decide, hope...
Després d'adjectius: happy to help...
Després de complement indirecte (CI): He told me to go...
Verbs que poden anar amb ambdós amb significats diferents: remember, stop, regret, forget...
6. Oracions de Relatiu: Tipus i Pronoms
| Tipus | Funció | Com es tradueix |
|---|---|---|
| Definides (defining) | Donen informació essencial | Sense coma |
| No definides (non-defining) | Informació extra (no essencial) | Amb comes |
Pronoms Relatius Principals
| Pronom | Referència | Exemple | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Who | Persona (subjecte) | The man who called you is here. | Substitueix "he/she" |
| Whom | Persona (complement) | The woman whom I met was nice. | Formal (poc usat en llenguatge oral) |
| Whose | Possessiu | The girl whose bike was stolen... | = "la seva bicicleta" |
| Which | Cosa / animal | The book which I read was great. | |
| That | Persona o cosa | The boy that sings is my brother. | S'usa només en oracions de relatiu definides |
| Where | Lloc | The town where I was born... | També es pot usar in which |
| When | Temps | The day when we met... | També es pot usar on which |
| Why | Raó (motiu) | The reason why I left... | = per la qual |
Quan Ometre el Pronom Relatiu
Es pot ometre el pronom relatiu si és complement (no subjecte).
Exemple:
The book (which) I bought is interesting. ✅ (El pronom és complement)
The girl who called me is here. ❌ (El pronom és subjecte, no es pot ometre)
7. Pronoms Reflexius en Anglès
- I: myself
- You: yourself
- He: himself
- She: herself
- It: itself
- We: ourselves
- You (plural): yourselves
- They: themselves
Exemple: She hurt herself.
8. Pronoms Recíprocs: Each Other i One Another
Quan dues o més persones fan l'acció l'una a l'altra:
Each other: per a 2 persones.
One another: per a més de 2 persones (ús opcional).
Exemple: They love each other.
9. Verbs Modals Bàsics: Significat i Ús
| Modal | Ús principal | Exemple | |
|---|---|---|---|
| can | Habilitat, permís, possibilitat | I can swim. / Can we go out? | |
| could | Habilitat passada, possibilitat | She could ride a bike when she was 5. | |
| may | Permís formal, possibilitat | You may leave now. | |
| might | Possibilitat (menys probable) | It might rain later. | |
| must | Obligació, deducció lògica | You must wear a mask. | |
| shall | Proposta, suggeriment | Shall we dance? | |
| should | Consell, opinió | You should study. | |
| ought to | Idèntic a should | You ought to apologize. | |
| have to | Obligació externa | I have to do homework. | |
| need to | Necessitat | You need to be on time. | |
| mustn't | Prohibició | You mustn't touch that! | |
| don't have to / needn't | No obligació | You don't have to come. | |
| would | Oferta, condicional | I would like a coffee. |
10. Verbs Modals Perfectes: Accions Passades
| Forma | Significat | Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| could have + past participle | Possibilitat no realitzada | We could have bought it last week. |
| can't / couldn't have | Acció impossible que hagi passat | She can't have gone to work. |
| may/might have | Suposició sobre el passat | He might have bought a flat. |
| must have | Conclusió lògica sobre el passat | They must have forgotten. |
| should / ought to have | Retret, consell no seguit | You should have made an appointment. |
| shouldn't have | Acció que no s'hauria d'haver fet | He shouldn't have eaten so much. |
| would have | Acció condicionada no realitzada | I would have stayed longer. |
| needn't have | Acció innecessària que es va fer igualment | You needn't have given me a present. |
11. Should i Had Better: Consells i Advertències
| Forma | Ús | Exemple |
|---|---|---|
| should | Consell general | You should sleep earlier. |
| had better | Consell amb advertència | You had better study or you’ll fail. |
12. Estil Indirecte (Reported Speech): Canvis Clau
Canvis Verbals i Temporals Comuns
| Directe | Indirecte | Directe | Indirecte (Reported Speech) |
|---|---|---|---|
| "I am tired" | He said he was tired. | today | that day |
| "I have eaten" | He said he had eaten. | tomorrow | the next day |
| "I will go" | He said he would go. | yesterday | the day before |
| "I can help" | He said he could help. | now | then |