Gramática Inglesa: Condicionales, Pasiva, Reported Speech y Verbos Irregulares
Gramática Inglesa: Guía Completa
Condicionales
Condicionales:
- Tipo 1: If + sujeto + presente simple, sujeto + futuro simple (will + infinitivo). Es posible o seguro que se cumpla la condición.
- Tipo 2: If + sujeto + past simple, sujeto + conditional + verbo en infinitivo. Es posible pero improbable que se cumpla la condición.
- Tipo 3: If + sujeto + past perfect (had + participio), sujeto + perfect conditional (modal + have + participio). Es imposible que se cumpla la condición.
Voz Pasiva
Pasiva:
- Present simple: am/are/is + participio (PP)
- Present continuous: am/are/is + being + PP
- Past simple: was/were + PP
- Past continuous: was/were + being + PP
- Future (will): will + be + PP
- Future (going to): am/is/are + going to + be + PP
- Present perfect: have/has + been + PP
- Past perfect: had + been + PP
- Future perfect: will have + been + PP
Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)
Reported Speech:
- Present simple → Past simple
- Present continuous → Past continuous
- Past simple → Past perfect simple
- Past continuous → Past perfect continuous
- Present perfect simple → Past perfect simple
- Present perfect continuous → Past perfect continuous
- Past perfect simple y continuous no cambian
- will → would
- can → could
- may → might
- must → had to
- have to → had to
Cambios de tiempo y lugar: today → that day; now → at the moment; yesterday → the day before; ... days ago → ... days before; last week → the week before; next year → the following year; tomorrow → the next day; here → there; this → that; these → those; ago → before; tonight → that night.
Relative Clauses (Oraciones de Relativo)
Relative Clauses:
- who / that: personas
- which / that: cosas
- where: lugares
- when: tiempo
- whose: posesión
Verbos Irregulares
Verbos:
| Infinitivo | Pasado | Participio | Traducción |
|---|---|---|---|
| be | was / were | been | ser, estar |
| become | became | become | convertirse en, hacerse |
| begin | began | begun | empezar, comenzar |
| bite | bit | bitten | morder |
| blow | blew | blown | soplar |
| break | broke | broken | romper |
| bring | brought | brought | llevar, traer |
| build | built | built | construir |
| buy | bought | bought | comprar |
| can | could | been able | poder |
| catch | caught | caught | coger, atrapar, tomar |
| choose | chose | chosen | elegir, escoger |
| come | came | come | venir |
| do | did | done | hacer |
| draw | drew | drawn | dibujar |
| drink | drank | drunk | beber |
| drive | drove | driven | conducir |
| eat | ate | eaten | comer |
| fall | fell | fallen | caer |
| feel | felt | felt | sentir |
| fight | fought | fought | pelear, luchar |
| find | found | found | encontrar |
| fly | flew | flown | volar |
| forget | forgot | forgotten | olvidarse |
| forgive | forgave | forgiven | perdonar |
| freeze | froze | frozen | congelar |
| get | got | got / gotten | recibir, conseguir, llegar, etc. |
| give | gave | given | dar |
| go | went | gone | ir |
| grow | grew | grown | crecer |
| hang | hung | hung | colgar |
| have | had | had | tener |
| hide | hid | hidden | esconder |
| hold | held | held | sostener |
| hurt | hurt | hurt | hacer daño |
| keep | kept | kept | guardar, continuar |
| know | knew | known | conocer, saber |
| lead | led | led | liderar, guiar, conducir |
| leave | left | left | irse, dejar |
| lend | lent | lent | dejar prestado |
| let | let | let | permitir, alquilar |
| lose | lost | lost | perder |
| make | made | made | hacer |
| mean | meant | meant | significar, querer decir |
| meet | met | met | conocer, reunirse, encontrarse |
| pay | paid | paid | pagar |
| put | put | put | poner, colocar |
| ride | rode | ridden | montar (en transporte) |
| ring | rang | rung | llamar, sonar |
| rise | rose | risen | levantarse, alzarse, subir |
| run | ran | run | correr |
| say | said | said | decir, contar |
| see | saw | seen | ver |
| sell | sold | sold | vender |
| send | sent | sent | enviar, remitir |
| set | set | set | poner, colocar |
| show | showed | shown | mostrar, enseñar |
| shut | shut | shut | cerrar |
| sing | sang | sung | cantar |
| sink | sank | sunk | hundirse |
| sit | sat | sat | sentarse |
| sleep | slept | slept | dormir |
| speak | spoke | spoken | hablar |
| spend | spent | spent | gastar dinero, pasar tiempo |
| steal | stole | stolen | robar |
| swim | swam | swum | nadar |
| take | took | taken | tomar, llevar |
| teach | taught | taught | enseñar |
| tell | told | told | decir, contar |
| think | thought | thought | pensar |
| throw | threw | thrown | lanzar, tirar, arrojar |
| understand | understood | understood | entender, comprender |
| wake | woke | woken | despertarse |
| wear | wore | worn | llevar puesto |
| win | won | won | ganar |
| write | wrote | written | escribir |
Present perfect continuous: sujeto + have/has + been + verbo-ing. Past perfect continuous: sujeto + had + been + verbo-ing.
Ventajas y Desventajas, Descripción de Eventos y Conectores
Ventajas y desventajas: Personally, I think...; It's a fact that... (es un hecho que); on the one hand, on the other hand; In addition (además); moreover (por otra parte); for example; in my opinion; in conclusion.
Descripción de un evento: last week, when...; Suddenly (de repente); the atmosphere was (el ambiente era); it turned out to be (resultó ser...); all in all (considerándolo todo); in the end.
Carta Formal
Carta: dirección, ciudad y código postal, fecha; nombre; Dear... (estimado/a...); al final: I look forward to your reply (espero su respuesta); Yours faithfully (atentamente); firma.