Guia de Gramàtica Anglesa: Redacció, Temps i Condicionals
Estructura i Redacció de Cartes Formals en Anglès
A la dreta:
Eric Moya
C/ Artesans, 4
08570 Torelló
18th May 2012
A l'esquerra:
Nom de l'empresa (si n'hi ha)
Carrer i codi postal de la ciutat
[Dear Sir or Madam,]
Tipus de Cartes Formals
1. Letter of Complaint (Queixa)
- 1st paràgraf (raó de la queixa): I am writing to complain about...
- 2nd paràgraf: Explicar-ho amb detall.
- 3rd paràgraf (suggeriment per solucionar-ho): I would be grateful if you could send me a full refund.
- 4th paràgraf (comiat): I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely,
2. Letter of Application (Sol·licitud de feina)
- 1st paràgraf (explicar la feina que es demana): I am writing in response to your advertisement...
- 2nd paràgraf: Informació personal relacionada amb la feina.
- 3rd paràgraf (experiència prèvia): Last year, I worked in... in a similar position...
- 4th paràgraf (comiat): I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely,
3. Letter of Request (Demanar informació)
- 1st paràgraf (introducció i motiu): I am writing in response to your advertisement in...
- 2nd paràgraf (preguntar detalls generals): Could you send me details about...?
- 3rd paràgraf (preguntar detalls més específics): I would be grateful if you could tell me...
- 4th paràgraf (agraïment): Thank you in advance for your help and advice.
- 5th paràgraf (comiat): I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely,
4. Letter Giving Information (Donar informació)
- 1st paràgraf (motiu pel qual s'escriu): I am writing in response to your letter requesting information about...
- 2nd paràgraf: Donar la informació sol·licitada amb anterioritat.
- 3rd paràgraf (comiat): I look forward to hearing from you soon. Yours sincerely,
Pronoms Relatius i Oracions de Relatiu
- Who / That: per a parlar de persones.
- That / Which: per a parlar d'objectes.
- Where: per a parlar d'un lloc.
- Whose: per a parlar de possessions.
- When: per a parlar del temps / moments.
- Defining relative clauses: mai van entre comes.
- Non-defining relative clauses: sempre van entre comes.
Connectors i Verbs Modals en Anglès
Connectors de Contrast i Causa
- But / Yet: però.
- In spite of / Despite: malgrat (va abans d'un substantiu o gerundi en -ing).
- Although / Though: tot i que / encara que.
- However / Nevertheless: no obstant això / tanmateix.
- Whereas / While: mentre que.
Verbs Modals d'Ús Freqüent
- Can: poder (habilitat / permís en present).
- Could: podia / vaig poder / podria.
- Be able to: poder / ser capaç (s'usa especialment en temps compostos o perfets).
- May: pot ser que.
- Might: podria ser que.
- Must: haver de (obligació interna, present o futur pròxim).
- Have to: haver de (obligació externa).
- Mustn't: prohibició.
- Should / Ought to: hauries de (consell).
Estil Indirecte (Reported Speech)
| Estil Directe | Estil Indirecte (Reported Speech) |
|---|---|
| Simple Present (o auxiliars amb do): “She likes dancing”, said he. | → Simple Past: He said (that) she liked dancing. |
| Present Continuous: “They are studying”, he told us. | → Past Continuous: He told us (that) they were studying. |
| Simple Past (o auxiliars amb did): She told him, “I saw you”. | → Past Perfect: She told him (that) she had seen him. |
| Past Continuous: They said, “We were listening to music”. | → Past Perfect Continuous: They said (that) they had been listening to music. |
| Present Perfect: “I've read this book”, said she. | → Past Perfect: She said (that) she had read that book. |
| Present Perfect Continuous: “I've been working all day”, he said. | → Past Perfect Continuous: He said (that) he had been working all day. |
| Past Perfect: “I had done it”, said she. | → No Change: She said (that) she had done it. |
| Past Perfect Continuous: “I had been reading”, I said. | → No Change: I said (that) I had been reading. |
| Will: “I'll answer the phone”, she said. | → Would: She said (that) she would answer the phone. |
| Can: “We can do it”, we said. | → Could: We said (that) we could do it. |
| May: “I may come”, he said. | → Might: He said (that) he might come. |
| Must: “I must go”. | → Had to: He said he had to go. |
Dubtes Gramaticals Freqüents
Diferència entre Temps Simples i Continus
- Acció simple vs. acció contínua: L'acció simple sol ser curta o puntual; l'acció continuada expressa durada o procés llarg.
- Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect Continuous: El Present Perfect Simple indica una acció acabada o el resultat, mentre que el Present Perfect Continuous indica una acció perllongada o no necessàriament finalitzada.
- Verbs d'estat (Stative verbs): No acostumen a admetre la terminació en -ing.
Diferència entre adjectius en “-ed” i “-ing”
- Boring: que avorreix o fa avorrir (la causa).
- Bored: que està avorrit / avorrida (el sentiment o estat).
Quins verbs no admeten la Veu Passiva i per què?
Els verbs intransitius no admeten la veu passiva perquè no tenen un objecte directe que pugui passar a subjecte pacient (per exemple: arrive, come, go, sleep, die).
Les Oracions Condicionals en Anglès
- Zero Conditional: If + Simple Present, Simple Present
→ If you press this button, the lift comes up. - First Conditional: If + Simple Present, Simple Future (will) / can / may / imperative
→ If you touch that, you will burn yourself. - Second Conditional: If + Simple Past, would / could / should / might + infinitive
→ If I saw the ghost, I would run away. - Third Conditional: If + Past Perfect, would have / could have / might have + past participle
→ If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you.