Apuntes Completos de Gramática, Vocabulario y Comprensión de Inglés

Gramática Esencial en Inglés

Can / Can't - Could: poder o saber.
Be able to: por can.
May: quizás, puede que, tal vez, es posible que.
Might: forma en pasado de may, posibilidad.
Will: futuro.
Would: pasado / condicional.
Should / Ought to: consejo.
Must: obligación.
Don't / Doesn't have to: no hace falta que.
Mustn't: no debes.
Must have + PP: deduzco o concluyo algo que debe haber pasado.
May / Might + PP: puede haber pasado algo.
Could have + PP: cuando tuvimos la habilidad o capacidad de hacer algo en el pasado y no lo hicimos.
Couldn't have + PP: para expresar algo que en nuestra opinión no puede haber ocurrido.
Should / Ought to have + PP - Shouldn't have + PP: crítica o arrepentimiento sobre un hecho determinado.
Needn't have + PP: una acción en el pasado que no era necesaria.
Would have + PP (3rd conditional): un deseo de hacer algo en el pasado que no pudimos realizar.
Will have + PP (Future Perfect): cuando hablamos de una acción que será completada en algún momento en el futuro.

Vocabulario: Crimen y Sociedad

• Cell: celda
• Breed: criar
• Concerned: preocupado
• Court: tribunal
• Bypass: saltarse / evitar
• Gambling: juego (de apuestas)
• Comply: obedecer
• Thoroughly: concienzudamente
• Offender: delincuente
• Convict: condenar
• Pool: arsenal
• Defy: quebrantar
• Reward: recompensa
• Enforce: aplicar
• Break in: entrar a robar
• Robbery: robo
• Fine: multar
• Bring up: sacar a colación
• Shoplifting: hurto
• Grab: agarrar
• Pick up: aprender
• Term: término
• Outlaw: prohibir
• Put down: soltar
• Theft: robo
• Repeal: abolir
• Set up: tender una trampa
• Behind bars: entre rejas
• Above board: de hecho y de derecho
• Charged with: acusado de
• Catch (someone) red-handed: pillar infraganti
• Get into trouble: meterse en un lío
• Cover (one's) tracks: borrar las huellas de alguien
• Go straight: reformarse
• Crack down on: tomar medidas duras contra
• Let (someone) off the hook: dejar a alguien en libertad
• Daylight robbery: robo / estafa
• Think through: reflexionar sobre
• Lay down the law: dejar las cosas claras
• Mend one's ways: enmendar la conducta
• On the run: a la fuga
• Thick as thieves: uña y carne
• Turn a blind eye: hacer la vista gorda

Vocabulario: Medio Ambiente y Naturaleza

• Beast: bestia
• Dump: acumular, tirar
• Average: medio
• Carbon footprint: huella de carbono
• Insulate: aislar
• Eco-friendly: ecológico
• Crop: cosecha
• Leak: filtrarse
• Endangered: en peligro de extinción
• Flooding: inundación
• Lean: estar inclinado
• Hazardous: nocivo
• Fossil fuel: combustible fósil
• Melt: derretir
• Large-scale: masivo
• Greenhouse effect: efecto invernadero
• Revive: recuperar
• Vast: enorme
• Landfill: vertedero
• Sink: hundirse
• Layer: estrato
• Thaw: descongelar
• Moisture: humedad
• Trample: pisotear, aplastar
• Soil: suelo, tierra
• Waste: residuos
• Benefit from: beneficiarse de
• Consist of: componerse de
• Give or take: más o menos
• Disappear from: desaparecer de
• Loud and clear: alto y claro
• Expose to: exponer a
• Now and then: de vez en cuando
• Face with: enfrentarse a
• Get rid of: deshacerse de
• Plain and simple: simple y llanamente
• Knock down: derribar
• Tried and tested: más que comprobado

Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech y Tiempos Verbales)

• Present Simple ➔ Past Simple: "He works in a restaurant." / She said that he worked in a restaurant.
• Past Simple ➔ Past Perfect: "He worked in a restaurant." / She said that he had worked in a restaurant.
• Present Continuous ➔ Past Continuous: "He is working in a restaurant." / She said that he was working in a restaurant.
• Past Continuous ➔ Past Perfect Continuous: "He was working in a restaurant." / She said that he had been working in a restaurant.
• Present Perfect Simple ➔ Past Perfect Simple: "He has worked in a restaurant." / She said that he had worked in a restaurant.
• Present Perfect Continuous ➔ Past Perfect Continuous: "He has been working in a restaurant." / She said that he had been working in a restaurant.
• Past Perfect Simple ➔ Past Perfect Simple (No change!!): "He had worked in a restaurant." / She said that he had worked in a restaurant.
• Past Perfect Continuous ➔ Past Perfect Continuous (No change!!): "He had been working in a restaurant." / She said that he had been working in a restaurant.
• Future Simple ("WILL") ➔ Conditional ("WOULD"): "He will work in a restaurant." / She said that he would work in a restaurant.
• Future Continuous ➔ Would be + ing verb: "He will be working in a restaurant." / She said that he would be working in a restaurant.

Práctica de Comprensión Lectora y Ejercicios

Preguntas de Comprensión

• 1. What is the main purpose of the article?
  a. to describe a personal experience
• 2. During exams, the writer...
  d. couldn’t focus because it was too quiet
• 1. The text doesn’t mention playing music as a coping strategy.
  True: The text does not mention playing music as a coping strategy. (Exact phrase: "On it were helpful coping strategies such as taking short breaks during the day and finding safe places to relax and reduce the distress.")
• 2. The writer uses an optimistic tone in the last paragraph.
  True: The writer hopes to help other sufferers, indicating an optimistic tone. (Exact phrase: "Although I haven’t been cured, I now know how to manage my life and I hope to help other sufferers.")

In the first paragraph, the writer uses quotation marks around the word “noises” because for other people, these sounds would barely be noticed.
True: The use of quotation marks around “noises” indicates that these sounds are not typically bothersome to others. (Exact phrase: "However, most people find ways to adapt to the sounds of these places. Unfortunately, that’s not the case for me – I can’t stand the sound of people drinking coffee, clicking their pens or even touching their hair. These “noises” drive me crazy...")

Meditation is good for misophonia sufferers because they can listen to calm music.
False: Meditation is recommended because it helps relax and take control, not because of listening to calm music. (Exact phrase: "Meditation is another way of relaxing and teaching yourself to take control.")

Búsqueda en el Texto

Find in the text:
- ONE OPPOSITE FOR “get distracted” (noun): Concentration (Paragraph II)
- ONE SYNONYM FOR “meet” (verb): Gather (Paragraph I)

Find in the text:
- ONE WORD MEANING “sharp or strong anxiety, pain or sorrow” (paragraph III): Distress
- ONE WORD MEANING “manner of conducting oneself” (paragraph III): Behaviour

Relleno de Huecos y Gramática Aplicada

Fill in the gaps with the correct option:
- I enjoyed reading the script. (Vocabulary topics 1-4)
- If you have got people skills, you get along with others. (Vocabulary topics 1-4)
- Criminals spend time behind bars. (Vocabulary topic 5)
- I took the ice cream out of the freezer to thaw. (Vocabulary topic 6)
- “When you get rid of old devices, recycle them properly!” (Prepositions topics 1-6)

Fill in the gaps with a correct form of the verb in brackets:
A) “He looks so tired! B) Yes, he has been working long hours all week.” (Compound verb tenses)

Complete the following conditional sentence:
“I cancelled the party. If I had felt better... I wouldn't have cancelled the party.” (Conditionals)

Rewrite the sentence without changing its meaning. Begin as indicated:
“They clean my car every week.” ➔ I have my car cleaned every week. (Causative form)

There are two mistakes in this sentence. Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentence correctly:
“There are many workers, that their jobs will have disappeared by 2030.” ➔ Correct: There are many workers whose jobs will have disappeared by 2030.

Join the following sentences using a relative. Make changes if necessary:
“My sister is older than me. She teaches people how to do bungee jumps.” ➔ Correct: My sister, who teaches people how to do bungee jumps, is older than me.

Turn the following sentence into the passive voice:
“Our teacher is directing a new film.” ➔ Correct: A new film is being directed by our teacher.

Rewrite the following sentence without changing its meaning. Begin as indicated:
“It is obligatory to take care of the environment.” ➔ People must take care of the environment.

Fill in the gaps with the correct option:
Detective, my son couldn't have stolen that car last Sunday afternoon. He was getting married at that time in front of 200 guests.

Use the words in the boxes to make a meaningful sentence. Use all and only the words in the boxes without changing their form:
Pablo said that he would travel by plane in his following vacation.

Turn the following sentence into reported speech:
“Did you go to the cinema yesterday?” She asked Peter. ➔ She asked Peter if he had gone to the cinema the day before.

Description of a Place

Nestled between rolling hills and lush green forests, there lies a charming village that seems frozen in time. This picturesque place, with its cobblestone streets and historic stone cottages, is a haven of tranquility. The village square, the heart of the community, is adorned with a beautiful fountain and vibrant flower beds, where locals gather to socialize. Surrounding the square are quaint shops and cozy cafés, offering homemade pastries and local delicacies. A small, clear river meanders through the village, its gentle flow providing a soothing background sound. The air is fresh, filled with the scents of blooming flowers and freshly baked bread. This serene village is a perfect escape from the hustle and bustle of modern life, offering a peaceful retreat into simplicity and beauty.