Apuntes Completos de Vocabulario y Gramática Inglesa

1. Vocabulary and Expressions

Topic 0: General Vocabulary

• ignore → ignorar
• accomplish → lograr
• destroy → destruir
• fulfil → realizar
• share → compartir
• disrupt → interrumpir
• enable → permitir
• isolate → aislar
• accept → aceptar
• promote → promover
• encourage → consolar (alentar)
• achieve → lograr
• upgrade → mejorar
• envy → envidiar
• misunderstand → malentender
• litter → basura
• succeed → tener éxito
• injure → lesionar
• disapprove → desaprobar

Similar Meanings

• shortage → lack of (escasez / falta de)
• beat → defeat (derrotar / fracaso)
• award → trophy (premio / trofeo)
• attempt → effort (intentar / esfuerzo)
• decrease → reduce (disminuir / reducir)
• overlook → ignore (pasar por alto / ignorar)
• important → major (importante)
• impressive → remarkable (impresionante / notable)
• manage → cope (manejar / afrontar)
• frightening → terrifying (aterrador / espantoso)
• assistance → aid (asistir / ayudar)
• delighted → thrilled (encantado/a)

Suitable Particles & Prepositions

• on → en
• over → encima
• down → debajo
• along → a lo largo
• out → fuera
• up → arriba
• behind → detrás
• off → de
• back → atrás

Common Expressions

• a valid point → argumento válido
• balance a budget → equilibrar un presupuesto
• bread and butter → principal fuente de ingresos
• shopping spree → compra compulsiva
• cutting edge → etapa avanzada de un desarrollo (vanguardia)
• fast asleep → dormir profundamente
• food for thought → merece seria consideración
• free of charge → gratuito
• highly unlikely → improbable
• keep track of → mantenerse informado / hacer un seguimiento
• make ends meet → pagar lo que necesitas cuando tienes poco dinero
• quality of life → calidad de vida
• crime rate → tasa de criminalidad
• split the cost → dividir el coste
• a sweet tooth → persona a la que le gusta el dulce

Topic 1: Travel and Lifestyle Vocabulary

• a clever move → un movimiento inteligente
• aim → apuntar
• approach → acercarse
• at some point → en algún momento
• backpacker → mochilero
• bargain → ganga
• breathtaking → impresionante
• bring about → provocar
• budget airline → aerolínea de bajo costo
• deal → trato
• dirt cheap → muy barato (literalmente, sucio de barato)
• force → fuerza
• freedom → libertad
• fund → fondo
• get around → moverse
• get started → comenzar
• go with the flow → ir con la corriente
• high season → temporada alta
• hooked → enganchado
• hop on → subir
• lifestyle → estilo de vida
• off season → fuera de temporada
• on the move → en movimiento
• rate → tasar / tarifa
• set off → partir
• spot → lugar
• stall → puesto
• tourist trap → trampa para turistas
• unspoilt → virgen (intacto)
• upcoming → próximo
• wander → vagabundear
• youth hostel → albergue juvenil

2. English Tenses (Tiempos Verbales)

Present Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + present verb + rest.
• Negative: Subject + don't / doesn't + present verb + rest.
• Interrogative: Do / Does + subject + present verb + rest?
• Uses: Hábito regular o rutina, verdad general o hecho científico, cronograma futuro.
• Time Expressions: always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally, frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, at 1 o’clock, at night, in the morning, on Fridays, every week, once a month, how often…?, this/next week, on Tuesday, tomorrow, tonight.

Present Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + to be (am, is, are) + verb-ing.
• Negative: Subject + to be (am not, isn't, aren't) + verb-ing.
• Interrogative: To be (am, is, are) + subject + verb-ing?
• Uses: Acciones que están pasando ahora mismo, acción temporal, plan definitivo para el futuro cercano.
• Time Expressions: now, right now, at the moment, this year, at present, today, these days, this month, this evening, tonight, tomorrow, next Friday/week/year.

Past Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + past verb (-ed or irregular) + rest.
• Negative: Subject + didn't + present verb + rest.
• Interrogative: Did + subject + present verb + rest?
• Uses: Acción terminada en el pasado, series de acciones completadas en el pasado.
• Time Expressions: yesterday, last week/year, two days ago, in 2007, in the 1980s, in the 18th century, when, then.

Past Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + was / were + verb-ing + rest.
• Negative: Subject + wasn't / weren't + verb-ing + rest.
• Interrogative: Was / Were + subject + verb-ing + rest?
• Uses: Acción incompleta en un momento específico del pasado, acción incompleta interrumpida por otra, dos acciones en progreso al mismo tiempo.
• Time Expressions: last night/week/year, at 4 o’clock, when, while, as.

Present Perfect Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + have / has + past participle + rest.
• Negative: Subject + haven't / hasn't + past participle + rest.
• Interrogative: Have / Has + subject + past participle + rest?
• Uses: Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y continúan en el presente, tiempo indeterminado conectado con el presente.
• Time Expressions: never, ever, already, just, yet, recently, lately, how often…?, for, since, in recent years.

Present Perfect Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + have / has + been + verb-ing + rest.
• Negative: Subject + haven't / hasn't + been + verb-ing + rest.
• Interrogative: Have / Has + subject + been + verb-ing + rest?
• Uses: Acción que comenzó en el pasado y aún continúa, acción cuyos resultados aún son evidentes.
• Time Expressions: for a year, since 2012, how long…?, all night/morning/day/week.

Past Perfect Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + had + past participle + rest.
• Negative: Subject + hadn't + past participle + rest.
• Interrogative: Had + subject + past participle + rest?
• Uses: Acción completada que tuvo lugar antes de otra acción en el pasado.
• Time Expressions: already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just.

Past Perfect Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + had + been + verb-ing + rest.
• Negative: Subject + hadn't + been + verb-ing + rest.
• Interrogative: Had + subject + been + verb-ing + rest?
• Uses: Acción que continuó hasta otra acción pasada.
• Time Expressions: for hours, since last April, all morning, when, until, before.

Future Simple (Will)

• Affirmative: Subject + will + present verb + rest.
• Negative: Subject + won't + present verb + rest.
• Interrogative: Will + subject + present verb + rest?
• Uses: Predicciones, cronogramas, decisiones espontáneas.
• Time Expressions: this evening, in an hour, at 2 o’clock, later, tomorrow, next month/year, soon, in a few weeks, in the future, on 1st May.

Future with "Be Going To"

• Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + going to + present verb + rest.
• Negative: Subject + am not / isn't / aren't + going to + present verb + rest.
• Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + present verb + rest?
• Uses: Acción planificada para el futuro, acción que está a punto de suceder.
• Time Expressions: this evening, later, in an hour, at 4 o’clock, tomorrow, soon, next month/year, in a few weeks, on 8th May.

Future Perfect Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + will have + past participle + rest.
• Negative: Subject + won't have + past participle + rest.
• Interrogative: Will + subject + have + past participle + rest?
• Uses: Acción que se completará en un tiempo determinado en el futuro.
• Time Expressions: by this time next week, by 3 o’clock, by the end of…, by then, by August, in four months.

Future Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + will be + verb-ing + rest.
• Negative: Subject + won't be + verb-ing + rest.
• Interrogative: Will + subject + be + verb-ing + rest?
• Uses: Acción en curso en un momento futuro determinado, planes de futuro.
• Time Expressions: at this time tomorrow/next…, on Thursday, in the next decade.