Estructuras gramaticales en inglés: Wish, voz pasiva, estilo indirecto y condicionales

I wish / If only

I wish / If only + I + past simple para expresar lamentos sobre el presente.

I wish / If only + I + past perfect para expresar lamentos sobre el pasado.

La voz pasiva

A continuación se muestra la formación de la voz pasiva en cada tiempo verbal:

• Presente simple: I write letters / Letters are written.
• Pasado simple: I wrote letters / Letters were written.
• Futuro simple: I will write letters / Letters will be written.
• Be going to: I'm going to write letters / Letters are going to be written.
• Presente continuo: I am writing letters / Letters are being written.
• Pasado continuo: I was writing letters / Letters were being written.
• Futuro continuo: I will be writing letters / No tiene voz pasiva.
• Modales: I must write letters / Letters must be written.
• Semimodales: I have to write letters / Letters have to be written.
• Present perfect: I have written letters / Letters have been written.
• Pasado perfecto: I had written letters / Letters had been written.

Del estilo directo al estilo indirecto

• Presente simple (she studies) → Pasado simple (she studied)
• Presente continuo (she is studying) → Pasado continuo (she was studying)
• Pasado simple (she has studied) → Pretérito pluscuamperfecto (she had studied)
• Pretérito perfecto continuo (she has been studying) → Pretérito pluscuamperfecto continuo (she had been studying)
• Pasado continuo (she was studying) → Pretérito pluscuamperfecto continuo (she had been studying)
• Pretérito pluscuamperfecto (she had studied) → No cambia
• Pretérito pluscuamperfecto continuo (she had been studying) → No cambia
• Futuro simple (she will study) → Condicional simple (she would study)
• Futuro continuo (she will be studying) → Condicional continuo (she would be studying)
• Can (she can study) → Could (she could study)
• May (she may study) → Might (she might study)
• Must / Have to (she must / has to study) → Had to (she had to study)

Expresiones de tiempo que cambian

• now → then
• today → that day
• yesterday → the day before
• tomorrow → the following day
• next week / month → the following week / month
• last week / month → the previous week / month
• a week / month ago → the week / month before
• this → that
• these → those
• here → there

Oraciones condicionales

Zero conditional

If + present simple, present simple: se usa para situaciones que siempre son verdad.

First conditional

If + present simple, will + infinitivo: se usa para situaciones probables en el futuro.

Second conditional

If + simple past, would + infinitivo: se usa para situaciones hipotéticas o improbables en el presente o futuro.

Third conditional

If + past perfect (had + participio pasado), would have + participio pasado: se usa para condiciones imposibles, referidas al pasado.