Formulas y Estructuras Gramaticales en Ingles: Tiempos, Voz Pasiva y Mas
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Tiempos Verbales en Presente y Pasado
Present Simple
Un hábito o rutina, un hecho o verdad general y los stative verbs.
- A: S + V (-s/-es)
- N: S + don't (doesn't) + V
- I: Do (Does) + S + V?
Present Continuous
Una acción que está/no está ocurriendo en el momento de hablar, una acción temporal y un plan o acción concertada para el futuro.
- A: S + am/is/are + V-ing
- N: S + am not/isn't/aren't + V-ing
- I: Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing?
Past Simple
Una acción o serie de acciones ocurridas en el pasado (con when, también puede ir con Present Continuous; acción corta).
- A: S + V2 (-ed)
- N: S + Didn't + V
- I: Did + S + V?
Past Continuous
Una acción que estaba ocurriendo en un tiempo específico del pasado, dos acciones incompletas que ocurrían al mismo tiempo en el pasado y una acción que estaba en progreso en el pasado cuando fue interrumpida por otra acción (con while; acción larga).
- A: S + was/were + V-ing
- N: S + wasn't/weren't + V-ing
- I: Was/Were + S + V-ing?
Present Perfect Simple
Una acción ocurrida en el pasado pero que afecta al presente y una acción que empezó en el pasado y continúa en el presente (suele aparecer con el Past Simple: el Present Perfect Simple coloca una acción en un periodo de tiempo abierto, mientras que el Past Simple expresa algo que ocurrió en un tiempo determinado).
- A: S + Have/Has + V3
- N: S + Haven't/Hasn't + V3
- I: Have/Has + S + V3?
Past Perfect Simple
Indica una acción anterior a otra en el pasado o indica una acción que ocurrió en un momento específico en el pasado (suele aparecer con el Past Simple: la acción menos reciente es Past Perfect Simple y la más reciente es Past Simple. Orden: 1 ocurre Past Perfect Simple y 2 Past Simple. Estructuras: AFTER + Past Perfect Simple, Past Simple + BEFORE).
- A: S + Had + V3
- N: S + Hadn't + V3
- I: Had + S + V3?
Tiempos Verbales en Futuro
Futuro Simple
Predicciones, horarios y programas, decisiones repentinas.
- A: S + Will + V
- N: S + Won't + V
- I: Will + S + V?
Be Going To
Acciones planeadas, acciones que están a punto de ocurrir.
- A: S + am/is/are + going to + V
- N: S + am not/isn't/aren't + going to + V
- I: Am/Is/Are + S + going to + V
Future Continuous
Acciones en progreso en el futuro.
- A: S + will be + V-ing
- N: S + won't be + V-ing
- I: Will + S + be + V-ing
Future Perfect
Acciones acabadas en el futuro (usualmente con By...).
- A: S + will have + V3
- N: S + won't have + V3
- I: Will + S + have + V3
La Voz Pasiva (The Passive)
Estructuras por Tiempos
- PS: am/is/are + V3
- PC: am/is/are + being + V3
- PPS: Have/has + been + V3
- PastS: was/were + V3
- PastC: was/were + being + V3
- PastPS: had + been + V3
- FS: will + be + V3
- Modals: modal + be + V3
- Modal Perfect: modal + have + been + V3
Formas Afirmativa, Negativa e Interrogativa
Afirmativa / Negativa:
Object + (To be/modal) + (not) + (tense words) + V3 + (by + agent)
Ejemplo: The car + was + not + being + driven
Interrogativa:
To be/modal + Object + (tense words) + V3 + (by + agent)?
Ejemplo: Was + the car + being + driven?
Oraciones Condicionales y Temporales
Conditional Clauses (If I were you)
Condition clause / Result clause
- First Conditional: Posibles situaciones en el futuro.
If or Unless + PresentS / will or modal + V1 - Second Conditional: Situaciones irreales que probablemente nunca ocurrirán (ej. If I were (no was)).
If or Unless + PastS / Would or Could or Might + V1 - Third Conditional: Situaciones que nunca podrían ocurrir porque se refieren al pasado.
If + PastPS / Would or Could or Might + have + V3 - Time Clauses: Relación entre una acción y sus consecuencias futuras (time clause / main clause).
when, as soon as, before, after... + PS or PresentPS / Will + V
Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)
Cambios de Tiempos Verbales
- PS = PastS
- PC = PastC
- PastS, PPS y PastPS = PastPS
- PastC y PastPC = PastPC
- Will = Would
- Can = Could
- Must = Had to
- May = Might
Cambios de Expresiones de Tiempo y Lugar
Now = Then | Today = That day | Tonight = That night | Yesterday = The previous day or the day before | Last week = The previous week or the week before | A month ago = The previous month or the month before | Tomorrow = The following day or the day after or the next day | Next week = The following week or the week after | Here = There | This = That | These = Those
Tipos de Oraciones en Estilo Indirecto
- Reported statements (verbs: admit, announce, answer, apologise, boast, claim, complain, declare, explain, inform, insist, mention, offer, remind, reply, state):
I am tired = He says that he is tired.
"I will bring him food today," the elderly woman said = The elderly woman said that she would bring him food that day.
(General truth) "Homeless people often sleep in airports," she said = She said that homeless people often sleep in airports. - Reported questions (verbs: enquire, request, want to know, wonder):
(Yes/No) "Did she sleep in the street?" the child asked = The child asked if/whether she had slept in the street.
(Wh-) "Where does the famous footballer live?" Joe asked = Joe asked where the famous footballer lived. - Reported orders/requests (verbs: demand, order, shout, warn/beg):
Tidy your room now = My mother ordered me to tidy my room then.
(Negative) "Don't wake her up, please" = My father asked me not to wake her up. - Reported suggestions (verbs: advise, invite, recommend, suggest):
(Con sujeto) "Let's join the demonstration," Peter suggested = Peter suggested that we join the demonstration.
(Sin sujeto) "Let's call airport security immediately" = He suggested calling airport security immediately.
Deseos y Cláusulas Relativas
Wish Clauses
- Wish or If only + PastS (ej. If only I were (no was)) - Situación con la que el hablante no está contento.
- Wish or If only + PastPS - Expresa lamento sobre una acción pasada.
- Wish or If only + Could + V - Solo tiene un sujeto (ej. I wish I could go...).
- Wish or If only + Would + V - Tiene dos sujetos (ej. I wish SHE would accept...) - Expresa deseo de que algo suceda en el futuro.
Relative Clauses
- Defining relative clauses: No llevan coma.
- Who/That: Personas
- Where: Lugares particulares
- When/That: Un momento en el tiempo
- Which/That: Cosas, objetos
- Whose: Posesión
- Non-defining relative clauses: Llevan coma. Es lo mismo que el anterior, pero nunca se utiliza that.