Gramática y Estructuras Esenciales del Inglés: Resumen Completo

Verbos Modales (Modals)

• Can / Can't: habilidad, pedir y dar permiso, prohibición, certeza (ej. he can't be French).
• Could / Couldn't: habilidad en el pasado, pedir permiso, posibilidad.
• Be able to: habilidad (ej. finally she was able to win the race).
• May: futuro, posibilidad, prohibición, pedir permiso.
• Might: posibilidad.
• Must / Mustn't: deducción (ej. it must be John), obligación, necesidad (ej. you must have your ticket to get in).
• Have to = Must: obligación.
• Don't have to / Don't need to / Needn't.
• Should / Ought to (+ formal): dar consejos.

Voz Pasiva (Passive)

• Give / Gives: am given / is given / are given.
• Am giving / Is giving: am being given / is being given.
• Has / Have given: has been given.
• Gave: was / were given.
• Was / Were given: has been given.
• Had given: had been given.
• Had been given: had given.
• Am going to give: am going to be given.
• Will give: will be given.
• Would give: would be given.
• Must gave: must be given.
• Can gave: can be given.
• Will have given: will have been given.
• Would have given: would have been given.
• Have to send: have to be sent.
• Should be repair: should be repaired.
• Have been given: have gave.
• Isn't read: don't read.
• Must gave: must be given.

Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)

• "I'm a teacher." → He said he was a teacher.
• "I'm having lunch with my parents." → He said he was having lunch.
• "I've been to France three times." → He said he had been to France three times.
• "I've been working very hard." → He said he had been working very hard.
• "I bought a new car." → He said he had bought a new car.
• "It was raining earlier." → He said it had been raining earlier.
• The play had started when I arrived. → NO CHANGE POSSIBLE
• "I'd already been living in London for five years." → NO CHANGE POSSIBLE
• Have -ed: had + -ed.
• Will: would.
• Can: could.
• Must: had to.
• Shall: should.
• May: might.

Oraciones Condicionales (Conditionals)

• 0) If + present + present: expresa verdades generales y hechos (a menudo basados en hechos científicos).
• 1) If + present + will + present: situaciones basadas en hechos en el presente o futuro (cosas que pueden suceder).
• 2) If + 2ª columna + would + present: situaciones irreales en el presente o futuro. A menudo se usa para expresar un deseo.
• 3) If + had + 3ª columna + would have + 3ª columna: condiciones en el pasado que no sucedieron.

Voz Impersonal (Rumors)

It is said that X is a millionaire.

Wish / If Only

• Para hablar sobre tu situación presente: wish + pasado.
• Para hablar sobre el futuro: wish + pasado.
• Para una situación en el pasado (naturalmente no puedes hacer nada para cambiarla): wish + had + 3ª columna.

Tiempos Verbales y Aspectos

• Have / Has -ed / 3ª: sucedió en el pasado pero tiene repercusión en el presente.
• Have / Has been -ing: duración desde el pasado hasta ahora.
• Had been -ing: duración antes de algo en el pasado.
• Had 3ª: acción completada antes de algo en el pasado.

Verbos Frasales (Phrasal Verbs)

• Bring sb up: enseñarle a comportarse.
• Fall out with sb: discutir.
• Get into sth: meterse en una pelea.
• Get on with sb: llevarse bien / relación amistosa.
• Grow up: madurar.
• Look after sb: cuidar / ser responsable de alguien.
• Put up with sb: no quejarse de algo molesto.
• Tell sb off: hablar enfadado con alguien.
• Get over sth: afrontar un problema.
• Keep on: continuar haciendo algo.
• Build up: crecimiento exponencial.
• Look back: pensar sobre algo del pasado.
• Look for: intentar encontrar.
• Look forward: esperar con ansia.
• Look through: leer rápidamente.
• Look sth up: buscar (información).
• Take sth up: empezar a hacer algo.
• Put sb off: hacer que algo no guste.
• Slip away: morir.
• Make sth up: inventar.
• Run away: escapar.
• Run sb over: atropellar.
• Come up: aparecer.
• Come up with sth: encontrar una respuesta.
• Shut down: apagar el ordenador.
• Check in: registrarse en un aeropuerto.
• Hit out: atacar.
• Set off: iniciar un viaje.