Gramática Fundamental en Inglés: Estilo Indirecto, Condicionales, Pasiva y Modales

Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)

Cambios en los tiempos verbales

• works → worked
• worked → had worked
• will work → would work
• is working → was working
• was working → had been working
• has worked → had worked
• has been working → had been working
• had worked → had worked
• had been working → had been working

Cambios en los modales

• can → could
• may → might
• must → must / had to
• will → would

Cambios en expresiones de tiempo, lugar y demostrativos

• last week → the week before
• a month ago → the month before
• tomorrow → the next day
• this → that
• these → those
• today → that day
• now → then
• tonight → that night
• yesterday → the day before
• here → there

Condicionales

• First Conditional

  If / Unless + present simple → present simple / will + base form

• Second Conditional

  If / Unless + past simple → would + base form

• Third Conditional

  If + past perfect → would have + past participle

Desiderativas (Wishes)

• Wish / If only + past simple: Refers to a present situation that the speaker is unhappy about.

• Wish / If only + past perfect: Expresses regret about a past action or situation.

• Wish / If only + could + base form: Expresses a desire for something to happen in the future.

Pronombres Relativos

• Who: Para personas.
• Which / that: Para cosas.
• When / that: Para momentos (tiempo).
• Where: Para lugares.
• Whose: Para expresar posesión.

Voz Pasiva

• sell → are sold
• are selling → are being sold
• sold → were sold
• will sell → will be sold
• have sold → have been sold
• can sell → can be sold
• were selling → were being sold
• had sold → had been sold
• must have sold → must have been sold
• have to sell → have to be sold
• are going to sell → are going to be sold

Verbos Modales y Modales Perfectos

• Can: Ability, request, possibility, suggestion.
• Be able to: Ability.
• Can't: Inability, prohibition, disbelief.
• Could: Past ability, polite request, polite suggestion, possibility.
• May / Might: Possibility.
• May: Polite request.
• Would: Formal request, offer.
• Must: Obligation, strong necessity, certainty that something is true.
• Have to: Obligation, necessity.
• Need to: Obligation, necessity.
• Needn't: Lack of obligation, necessity.
• Don't have to: Lack of obligation.
• Mustn't: Prohibition.
• Should / Ought to: Advice, opinion.
• Must have: Certainty that something is true.
• May / Might have: A guess about a past action.
• Could have: Ability to do something in the past which in the end was not done.
• Couldn't have: Certainty that something didn't happen.
• Would have: Desire to do something in the past which in fact couldn't be done.
• Should / Ought to have: Criticism or regret after an event.
• Shouldn't have: Criticism or regret after an event.