Gramática Fundamental en Inglés: Verbos Irregulares, Tiempos, Condicionales y Estilo Indirecto

Lista de Verbos Irregulares en Inglés

A continuación se detallan las formas del infinitivo, pasado simple, participio y la traducción al español de los verbos irregulares más comunes:

• Build - built - built: construir
• Bring - brought - brought: traer
• Buy - bought - bought: comprar
• Bite - bit - bitten (biting): morder
• Begin - began - begun: empezar
• Be - was / were - been (being): ser o estar
• Become - became - become: convertirse o llegar a ser
• Beat - beat - beaten: golpear / latir
• Break - broke - broken: romper
• Catch - caught - caught: atrapar o coger
• Cost - cost - cost: costar
• Cut - cut - cut: cortar
• Choose - chose - chosen: elegir
• Come - came - come: venir
• Dream - dreamt (dreamed) - dreamt (dreamed): soñar
• Draw - drew - drawn: dibujar
• Drive - drove - driven: conducir
• Drink - drank - drunk: beber
• Do - did - done: hacer
• Eat - ate - eaten: comer
• Feel - felt - felt: sentir
• Fight - fought - fought: luchar
• Feed - fed - fed: alimentar
• Find - found - found: encontrar
• Fly - flew - flown: volar
• Forbid - forbade - forbidden: prohibir
• Forget - forgot - forgotten: olvidar
• Forgive - forgave - forgiven: perdonar
• Get - got - got / gotten: conseguir u obtener
• Give - gave - given: dar
• Grow - grew - grown: crecer o cultivar
• Go - went - gone: ir
• Hit - hit - hit: golpear
• Have - had - had: tener o haber
• Hear - heard - heard: oír
• Hold - held - held: sostener o sujetar
• Hide - hid - hidden: esconder
• Keep - kept - kept: guardar o mantener
• Know - knew - known: saber o conocer
• Learn - learnt (learned) - learnt (learned): aprender
• Leave - left - left: marchar, salir o abandonar
• Let - let - let: permitir o dejar
• Lose - lost - lost: perder
• Lead - led - led: guiar o dirigir
• Mean - meant - meant: significar o querer decir
• Meet - met - met: conocer por primera vez o quedar/encontrarse
• Make - made - made: hacer o fabricar
• Put - put - put: poner o colocar
• Pay - paid - paid: pagar
• Read - read - read: leer
• Ride - rode - ridden: montar (a caballo, en bicicleta)
• Ring - rang - rung: sonar o llamar por teléfono
• Run - ran - run: correr
• Send - sent - sent: enviar
• Sleep - slept - slept: dormir
• Smell - smelt (smelled) - smelt (smelled): oler
• Spell - spelt (spelled) - spelt (spelled): deletrear
• Spend - spent - spent: gastar (dinero) o pasar (tiempo)
• Spill - spilt (spilled) - spilt (spilled): derramar
• Set - set - set: fijar, colocar o establecer
• Shut - shut - shut: cerrar
• Spread - spread - spread: extender o difundir
• Sweep - swept - swept: barrer
• Say - said - said: decir
• Sell - sold - sold: vender
• Shoot - shot - shot: disparar
• Sit - sat - sat: sentarse
• Stand - stood - stood: estar de pie
• Stick - stuck - stuck: pegar o adherir
• Strike - struck - struck: golpear
• See - saw - seen: ver
• Shake - shook - shaken: agitar
• Show - showed - shown: mostrar
• Speak - spoke - spoken: hablar
• Steal - stole - stolen: robar
• Swear - swore - sworn: jurar
• Sing - sang - sung: cantar
• Swim - swam - swum: nadar
• Teach - taught - taught: enseñar
• Think - thought - thought: pensar
• Tell - told - told: decir o contar
• Take - took - taken: tomar o coger
• Tear - tore - torn: rasgar o desgarrar
• Throw - threw - thrown: lanzar o tirar
• Upset - upset - upset: molestar o disgustar
• Understand - understood - understood: entender o comprender
• Weep - wept - wept: llorar
• Win - won - won: ganar
• Wake - woke - woken: despertar o despertarse
• Wear - wore - worn: llevar puesto o vestir
• Write - wrote - written: escribir

Comparativos y Superlativos

Estructuras para contrastar cualidades y magnitudes en inglés:

• Superioridad: adjetivo corto + -er than (ej. taller than) / more... than con adjetivos largos (ej. more interesting than).
• Superlativo: the + adjetivo corto + -est (ej. the tallest) / the most... con adjetivos largos (ej. the most beautiful).
• Igualdad: as... as (tan... como).
• Inferioridad: less... than (menos... que).
• Superlativo de inferioridad: the least... (el/la menos...).
• Tanto como: as much as (incontable) / as many as (contable).
• Demasiado: too (+ adjetivo).
• Suficientemente: enough (pospuesto al adjetivo: good enough).

Comparativos Irregulares

• Good: better (mejor) – the best (el mejor).
• Bad: worse (peor) – the worst (el peor).
• Far: further / farther (más lejos) – the furthest / the farthest (el más lejano).
• Old: older / elder (más viejo/mayor) – the oldest / the eldest (el más viejo/el mayor).

Estructuras Condicionales

Formulación de las oraciones condicionales principales:

• Zero Conditional (Cero): If + Present Simple, Present Simple (verdades universales o hechos científicos).
• First Conditional (Primer condicional): If + Present Simple, will + infinitivo (situaciones reales o probables de futuro).
• Second Conditional (Segundo condicional): If + Past Simple (were), would + infinitivo (situaciones hipotéticas o irreales del presente).
• Third Conditional (Tercer condicional): If + had + participio, would have + participio (hipótesis sobre acontecimientos pasados que ya no pueden cambiar).

La Voz Pasiva (Passive Voice)

La estructura pasiva se forma con el verbo to be conjugado en el tiempo correspondiente seguido del participio pasado del verbo principal. El complemento agente es introducido por la preposición by.

• Present Simple Passive: am / is / are + participio
• Past Simple Passive: was / were + participio
• Present Continuous Passive: am / is / are + being + participio
• Present Perfect Passive: have / has + been + participio

Verbos Modales (Modal Verbs)

Características y usos principales:

• Can: habilidad o posibilidad en presente; no requiere verbo auxiliar.
• Could: habilidad en pasado o petición formal y educada.
• May: posibilidad o permiso formal.
• Must: deber, orden u obligación fuerte en presente. Su forma en pasado se sustituye por had to.
• Should: recomendación o consejo («deberías»).
• Will: para indicar futuro y decisiones espontáneas.
• Would: para ofrecer cortésmente o formar el condicional.
• Used to: hábitos pasados que ya no se realizan («solía»).
• Need to: necesidad imperativa u obligatoria.
• Needn't: ausencia de obligación o necesidad.

Estilo Indirecto (Reported Speech)

Transformaciones de tiempos verbales al pasar del estilo directo al indirecto:

• Present Simple → Past Simple: studies pasa a studied.
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous: is studying pasa a was studying.
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect: has studied pasa a had studied.
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: has been studying pasa a had been studying.
• Past Simple → Past Perfect: studied pasa a had studied.
• Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: was studying pasa a had been studying.
• Past Perfect → Past Perfect: had studied se mantiene en had studied.
• Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous: had been studying se mantiene sin cambios.
• Will → Would: will study pasa a would study; will be studying pasa a would be studying.
• Can → Could: can cambia a could.
• May → Might: may cambia a might.
• Must / Has to → Had to: must u have/has to cambian a had to.