Gramática de Inglés Intermedio: Reported Speech, Pasiva, Causativos y Verbos Modales

Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

Estructura de las Preguntas (Questions)

• Yes / No Questions:
  Direct speech: Yes/No question.
  Reported speech: Subject + asked / wanted to know / wondered + if / whether + clause
• Wh- Questions:
  Direct speech: Wh- question.
  Reported speech: Subject + asked / wanted to know / wondered + question word + clause

Cambios de Tiempos Verbales (Tense Shift / Backshift)

Al pasar de las palabras directas (actual words) al estilo indirecto (indirect speech), los tiempos cambian de la siguiente manera:

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Past Simple → Past Perfect (o Past Continuous según el contexto)
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Will → Would
• Am / Is / Are going to → Was / Were going to
• Can → Could
• Must → Had to (o have to)
• May → Might
• Past Perfect → Past Perfect (no cambia)

Reglas: Said vs. Told

• Said: Decir (siempre va acompañado de la preposición to si se menciona el destinatario: said to someone).
• Told: Contar / decir (se usa seguido directamente del objeto indirecto sin preposición: told someone).

Voz Pasiva con Complemento Directo e Indirecto

Estructura general: Sujeto + verbo to be + participio pasado (past participle) + complemento + by (agente)

Ejemplo en activa: I will give my mom (CI) a present (CD).

• Opción 1 (con CD como sujeto): A present will be given to my mom by me.
• Opción 2 (con CI como sujeto - más frecuente en inglés): My mom will be given a present by me.

Causative: Have Something Done

Se utiliza cuando alguien realiza una acción o servicio para nosotros.

• Active: I cut my hair yesterday. (Me corté el pelo yo mismo).
• Passive / Causative: I had my hair cut yesterday. (Me cortaron el pelo).

Conectores de Contraste: A Pesar De

Estructuras principales con despite e in spite of:

Despite / In spite of + noun / gerund (-ing) / the fact that + clause

Ejemplo: Despite studying, I didn't pass the exam.

Modal Verbs (Verbos Modales)

1. Habilidad (Ability)

• Be able to
• Can (presente)
• Could (pasado)

2. Certeza e Imposibilidad (Certainty & Impossibility)

• Certainty: Must
• Impossibility: Can't

3. Obligación y Falta de Obligación (Obligation & Lack of Obligation)

• Obligation: Have to, Must
• Lack of obligation: Don't have to, Needn't

4. Consejo (Advice)

• Should / Shouldn't
• Ought (not) to
• Had better (not)

5. Permiso (Permission)

• Can
• Could
• May
• Be allowed to

6. Posibilidad (Possibility)

• May
• Might
• Could

7. Prohibición (Prohibition)

• Mustn't
• Can't