Gramática en Inglés: Reported Speech, Gerundios, Infinitivos y Vocabulario Clave

Reported Speech (Estilo Indirecto)

1. Modal Verbs

Modal verb forms also sometimes change when shifting from direct speech to indirect speech:

• Direct speech: will, can, must, shall, may
• Indirect speech: would, could, had to, should, might

Note: There is no change to: could, would, should, might, and ought to.

2. Time and Place References

Expressions of time, place, and demonstratives shift as follows:

• This → That
• These → Those
• Today → Yesterday / That day
• Now → Then
• Ago → Before
• Here → There

Gerunds and Infinitives

1. Gerunds (-ing form)

A gerund is a noun formed from a verb by adding -ing. The gerund form of the verb read is reading. You can use a gerund as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Gerunds can be made negative by adding not (e.g., not knowing).

Verbs followed by a Gerund (-ing):

• Admit: He admitted stealing the money.
• Advise: She advised waiting until tomorrow.
• Anticipate: I anticipate having a good time on vacation.
• Avoid: He avoided answering my question.
• Can't bear: I can't bear waiting in long lines.
• Love: I love going to operas.

Other verbs followed by gerunds: Delay, deny, mind, regret, recall, recollect, prefer, start, stop, finish, miss, risk, suggest, try, understand, resent, complete, discuss, hate, postpone, keep, can't help.

2. Infinitives (to + base form)

Infinitives are the "to" form of the verb. The infinitive form of learn is to learn. You can also use an infinitive as the subject, the complement, or the object of a sentence.

Example: I hope to see you next week.

Verbs followed by an Infinitive:

Afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, bother, care, claim, condescend, consent, decide, demand, determine, endeavour, fail, guarantee, happen, hasten, have (= be obliged), hesitate, hope, learn, long, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, propose, prove (= turn out), refuse, resolve, seek, seem, strive, swear, tend, threaten, trouble, undertake, volunteer, vow.

Vocabulary / Vocabulari

• Left-wing supports / supporters: suport d'esquerres
• Right-wing: suport de dretes
• PC (politically correct): PC (políticament correcte)
• Extremist: extremista
• Terrorist: terrorista
• Atheist: ateu
• Environmentalist: ambientalista
• Activist: activista
• Condemns: condemna
• See eye to eye: coincidir / estar d'acord
• Black and white: blanc i negre
• Point of view: punt de vista
• Play devil’s advocate: fer d'advocat del diable
• Keen: aficionat / entusiasmat
• Sceptical: escèptic
• Obsessed: obsessionat
• Fussy: maniàtic / exigent
• Grateful: agraït
• Brilliant: genial
• Concerned: preocupat
• Suitable: adequat
• Cope with: suportar / fer front a
• Casualties: víctimes
• Make redundancies: reduir la plantilla
• Economic downturn: recessió econòmica
• Forecast: pronòstic
• Unions: sindicats
• Go on strike: anar a la vaga
• Rave reviews: crítiques excel·lents / crítiques favorables
• Premiered: estrenat
• Breakthrough: descoberta / gran avenç
• Fire to / Set fire to: calar foc a
• Smoothly: suaument / sense problemes