Gramática de Inglés: Verbos Modales, Condicionales, Voz Pasiva y Tiempos Verbales
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1. Verbos Modales en Inglés
| Modal | Uso principal |
|---|---|
| Can | Habilidad / permiso / posibilidad |
| Could | Habilidad pasada / posibilidad / solicitud formal |
| May | Permiso formal / posibilidad |
| Might | Posibilidad (menos probable que "may") |
| Must | Obligación / deducción fuerte |
| Need to | Necesidad |
| Should | Consejo / expectativa |
| Mustn't | Prohibición |
| Would | Condicional / cortesía |
| Can't | Certeza de algo imposible |
| Needn't | No hay necesidad |
2. Modales Perfectos (Modal Perfects)
| Modal Perfecto | Uso principal |
|---|---|
| Must have + past participle | Deducción lógica sobre el pasado |
| Might/May have + past participle | Deducción / suposición en el pasado |
| Could have + past participle | Posibilidad pasada que no ocurrió |
| Would have + past participle | Quiso pero no pudo |
| Should have + past participle | Consejo o crítica sobre el pasado |
| Can't/Couldn't have + past participle | 100% seguro de que no pasó |
3. Oraciones Condicionales (Conditionals)
| Condicional | Estructura | Uso principal |
|---|---|---|
| Zero | If + presente simple, presente simple | Verdades generales / hechos científicos |
| First | If + presente simple, will + verbo base | Situaciones reales o posibles en el futuro |
| Second | If + pasado simple, would + verbo base | Situaciones hipotéticas o improbables en el presente o futuro |
| Third | If + past perfect, would have + past participle | Situaciones hipotéticas en el pasado / arrepentimiento |
4. Voz Activa y Voz Pasiva
| Tiempo Verbal | Activa | Pasiva |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | buy / buys | is / are bought |
| Present Continuous | am / is / are buying | is / are being bought |
| Present Perfect | have / has bought | have / has been bought |
| Present Perfect Continuous | have / has been buying | — |
| Past Simple | bought | was / were bought |
| Past Continuous | was / were buying | was / were being bought |
| Past Perfect | had bought | had been bought |
| Past Perfect Continuous | had been buying | — |
| Future Simple (will) | will buy | will be bought |
| Future (going to) | am / is / are going to buy | am / is / are going to be bought |
| Future Continuous | will be buying | — |
| Future Perfect | will have bought | will have been bought |
| Future Perfect Continuous | will have been buying | — |
5. Tiempos Verbales: Estructura y Palabras Clave
| Tiempo Verbal | Estructura Afirmativa | Palabras Clave (Keywords) |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | Subject + verb (he/she/it + -s) | always, usually, often, every day, never |
| Present Continuous | Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing | now, at the moment, currently, right now |
| Present Perfect | Subject + have/has + past participle (V3) | already, just, yet, ever, never, since, for |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Subject + have/has been + verb-ing | for, since, all day, lately, recently |
| Past Simple | Subject + verb in past (V2) | yesterday, last week, ago, in 2010 |
| Past Continuous | Subject + was/were + verb-ing | while, when, as, at that moment |
| Past Perfect | Subject + had + past participle (V3) | before, after, by the time |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Subject + had been + verb-ing | for, since, before, until then |
| Future Simple (will) | Subject + will + base verb | tomorrow, next year, soon, in the future |
| Future (going to) | Subject + am/is/are + going to + base verb | plans, intentions, predictions |
| Future Continuous | Subject + will be + verb-ing | at this time tomorrow, still, next week |
| Future Perfect | Subject + will have + past participle (V3) | by (a future time), before, by the time |
| Future Perfect Continuous | Subject + will have been + verb-ing | for, since, by the time (future reference) |