Gramática Inglesa Esencial: Phrasal Verbs, Expresiones Idiomáticas, Modales, Condicionales y Voz Pasiva con Ejemplos

Vocabulario y Expresiones Clave

Palabras y expresiones de uso frecuente

overcome difficulties / Succeed in dealing with or controlling problems [superar las dificultades]
remarkable achievement / Very surprising or impressive accomplishment [logro notable]
far-reaching change / Affects many people in an important way
refreshing change / Different and exciting change
subtle change / People would hardly notice

thrive / Become very happy or healthy
turn out / Have a particular result
changeover / Change from one method, system or activity to another
come up against / Encounter, run into, meet [chocarse]
get on with / Go ahead, continue, go on [llevarse bien con]
look back on / Remember, recall, remind [recordar]
miss out on / Lose, miss, waste [perder]
keep up with / Keep pace with, not lag behind [seguir]
stand up for / Defend, advocate, uphold [defender]

Expresiones idiomáticas

live and learn / Discover something surprising all the time [vive y aprende]
live and let live / Accept other people’s beliefs and way of life, even though they’re very different [vivir y dejar vivir]
live for the moment / Enjoy the present time [vive por el momento]
live happily ever after / Have happy lives forever [vivir feliz para siempre]
live in the past / Still think and talk about something that has happened [vivir en el pasado]
live the dream / Lead an ideal life [vive el sueño]

Adjetivos útiles

affordable / asequible
appealing / atractivo
effortless / fácil
first-rate / de primera clase
well-established / bien establecido
worthwhile / que vale la pena

Verbos Modales

Habilidad: can, could, be able to
Consejo: should, ought to
Permiso: may
Prohibición: mustn’t
Necesidad: need, needn’t, don’t have to, doesn’t need to
Obligación: must, have to
Certeza: must / can’t (I’m sure), may, might, could (igual)

Oraciones Condicionales

Zero conditional

Situación real o habitual: if + present simple / present simple
If you mix the colours, it turns green.

First conditional

Posible en el futuro: if + present simple / will/won’t + verb
If we work hard, we will be prepared.

Second conditional

Hipotético o improbable: if + past simple / would + verb
If I were you, I would study more.

Third conditional

Hipotético en el pasado que no se cumplió: if + past perfect / would have + past participle
If you had called me, I would have told you about it.

Causativo: Have / Get + Algo Hecho

The mechanic is repairing my car → I am having / getting my car repaired.

My mum is going to the hairdresser’s because her hair is too long → My mum is going to have / get her hair cut.

Peter went to the optician’s because he couldn’t see very well → Peter had / got his eyes tested.

Wish

Past simple: I wish I had enough snow this weekend. (presente, te gustaría)
Past perfect: I wish we had had enough snow last weekend. (pasado)
Would: I wish he would stop speaking in class. (presente que te molesta)

Inversión en Condicionales

1st type: Should the fox steal my shoes again, I will call the police.
2nd type: Were she to ask me for advice, I would help her.
3rd type: Had they made some changes, the result would have been different.

Voz Pasiva

I eat apples → Apples are eaten
I am eating apples → Apples are being eaten
I ate apples → Apples were eaten
I have eaten apples → Apples have been eaten
I am going to eat apples → Apples are going to be eaten
I will eat apples → Apples will be eaten
I ought to eat apples → Apples ought to be eaten
I should have eaten apples → Apples should have been eaten
I had eaten apples → Apples had been eaten