Gramática inglesa: infinitivos, condicionales, pasivas, modales, gerundios y estilo indirecto

Infinitivos

I found the book. I had lost it in the street: I found the book which I had lost in the street.

Pronombres relativos: who, which, where (there), when (then), whose (his, her, its).

Condicionales

Zero conditional

(When) if + Present … Present

First conditional

If + Present … will + infinitive

Second conditional

If + Past (ed / 2.ª columna) … would / could + 2.ª columna (if I were)

Third conditional

If + had + 3.ª columna … would / could have + 3.ª columna

Voz pasiva

They clean the window → The window is cleaned

They will clean the window → The window will be cleaned

Modales

Obligación

• must, have / has to, need to / needs to
• mustn't (prohibición), don't have to / don't need to (no hace falta)
• Pasado: had to / didn't have to

Poder / saber hacer

• Presente: can / can't, is allowed to (permiso), is able to (capacidad)
• Pasado: could (normalmente); was allowed to, was able to (una vez)

Probabilidad

may, might, could

Deber / recomendación

should, ought to

Gerundios e infinitivos

Verbos seguidos de gerundio (-ing): admit, avoid, can't stand, consider, can't help, continue, deny, dislike, detest, enjoy, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep on, look forward to, mention, mind, miss, object to, permit, practise, recollect, report, risk, smell, spend, suggest, waste, be/get used to, be worth, have difficulty, there's no point, it's no good / it's no use.

Like, love, hate, prefer en presente: seguidos de gerundio o infinitivo.

• Stop + -ing: parar de hacer algo
• Stop + to: parar para hacer algo

Vocabulario

Los sentidos y la discapacidad

• blind: ciego
• deaf: sordo
• hearing aid: audífono
• hearing loss: pérdida de audición
• sight: vista
• smell (n): olfato / smell (v): oler
• sniff: olfatear
• stroke: acariciar
• taste (n): gusto / taste (v): probar
• visually impaired: persona con discapacidad visual

Adjetivos sensoriales

• bitter: amargo
• bland: insípido
• bright: brillante
• chilly: frío
• coarse: áspero
• damp: húmedo
• deafening: ensordecedor
• loose: holgado, amplio
• odourless: sin olor
• scented: perfumado
• smooth: liso
• soft: suave
• tasteless: sin sabor
• tight: ajustado

Estilo indirecto (Reported Speech)

Cambios de tiempo verbal

• work → worked / is working → was working / worked → had worked
• was working → had been working / have worked → had worked / have been working → had been working
• will → would / must → had to / can → could / may → might

Cambios de pronombres

• I, me, my … → he, him, his / she, her, her
• we, us, our … → they, them, their
• here, this, these … → there, that, those

Cambios de expresiones de tiempo

• now, today, tomorrow … → then, that day, the next day
• yesterday, next week, last week … → the day before, the next week, the week before
• ago, come … → before, go
• you, your … → I, me, my (según el contexto)

Preguntas indirectas

He asked (me) if / wh- + subject + verb

He asked me where I lived.

Órdenes indirectas

He asked / told + me, him, her, us, them + (not) to + infinitive