Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales, Futuro, Adverbios de Frecuencia y Verbos Frasales

Present Simple y Present Continuous

1. We use the present simple for permanent situations, habits and routines.
2. We use the present continuous for short-term, temporary actions and situations.

• My father digs the garden every Sunday (habit).
• He is digging the garden now (happening now).

Verbs not used in continuous forms: be, have, depend, think, like, hear, see, smell, taste, know, understand, agree, want, love. I don't know Peter very well.

Adverbs of Frequency

• After auxiliary verbs / before other verbs: always, never. My friend doesn't always remember my birthday.
• After auxiliary verbs / before other verbs, or at the beginning or end of a clause: usually, normally, often, frequently, sometimes, occasionally. I sometimes order pizza. Normally, I check my email after work.
• At the beginning or end of a clause: every week, every day, twice a month. Twice a month we play a match.

Future Forms

Decisions, Plans and Arrangements

• will + infinitive (decisions made at the moment of speaking): I will ask Robert to come along too.
• going to + infinitive (plans and intentions): She's going to study music next year.
• Present continuous (arrangements): I am meeting Eva at 8 o'clock.

Predictions

• will + infinitive (predictions based on what we know or believe now): I think that Brazil will win the next World Cup.
• going to + infinitive (predictions based on what we can see, hear, or feel now): It's going to be really hot tomorrow.

Timetables

• Present simple: The last bus leaves at midnight.

Time Phrases with When and As Soon As

• Present simple: Phone me as soon as you arrive.

Environment

Words: fumes, oil, CFC gases, air quality, solar, wind, ecotourism, recycling banks, coal, ozone layer, working holidays.

Definitions

1. Environmental Issues: animals or plants which may soon not exist because there are very few now alive.
2. Overpopulation: if a country or city, etc. is overpopulated, it has too many people for the amount of food, materials and space available there.
3. Global Warming: a gradual increase in world temperatures caused by polluting gases such as carbon dioxide which are collecting in the air around the Earth and preventing heat escaping into space.
4. Floods: to cause to fill or become covered with water, especially in a way that causes problems.
5. Pollution: damage caused to water, air, etc. by harmful substances or waste.
6. Deforestation: the cutting down of trees in a large area; the destruction of forests by people.
7. Logging: the activity of cutting down trees for wood.
8. Intensive Farming: a way of producing large amounts of crops, by using chemicals and machines.
9. Greenhouse Effect: an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere (= mixture of gases around the Earth) which is believed to be the cause of a gradual warming of the surface of the Earth.
10. Poacher: someone who catches and kills animals illegally.
11. Poaching: the action of catching and killing animals illegally.

Collocations with MAKE and DO

MAKE

an attempt, a cake, coffee, an effort, an excuse, a fortune, fun of sth, a mess, a mistake, money, the most of sth, a noise, notes, an offer, progress, sense, one's way back home, an appointment, a difference, a dress, a living, marks on the wall, a phone call, a suggestion, a bad impression.

DO

badly, your homework, your hair, a profit, well, the bed, the dishes, French, harm, a job, a loss, maths, physics, sth for a living, your best, a lot of damage, exercise, harm, research, the shopping, some work.

Phrasal Verbs with DO and MAKE

• do away with sth/sb → abolish, get rid of sb/sth. Europe has done away with duty-free shopping.
• do sb out of sth → cheat sb. The sales assistant did me out of 5 euros.
• do without sth → manage to live without sth/sb. I can't afford it, so I will just have to do without.
• do sth up → fasten, tie sth. I can't do my laces up.
• do up sth → repair, redecorate sth. They did up the house and sold it.
• could do with sth → need, want sth. I could do with something to eat.
• have to do with sth → have a connection with sth. The problem has nothing to do with me.
• make away with sth → steal sth. Thieves made away with her jewellery.
• make for somewhere → move towards somewhere. Two thieves made for the window.
• make of sth → understand, interpret sth. What do you make of their proposal?
• make off with sth → steal sth and leave quickly. They attacked him and made off with his watch.
• make out sth / make sth out → be able to hear, see or understand sth. I can't make out her handwriting.
• make up of sth → combine together, form. Tourism makes up 70% of their income.
• make up sth → invent (an excuse). She made up a silly story about the post being late.