Historia: Avances en Transportes, Comunicaciones y Nuevas Formas de Trabajo

Avances en Transportes y Comunicaciones

• Ferrocarril: Generalización de su uso. Aumentó la velocidad y la seguridad. Abarató las tarifas. A finales del siglo XIX aparecen los tranvías eléctricos y el metro.

• Barcos de vapor: Mejoraron los transportes y las comunicaciones. Esto facilitó la integración y especialización de los mercados, el crecimiento del comercio internacional y un aumento generalizado de las migraciones.

• Apertura de los canales de Suez (1869) y Panamá (1914), que acortaron las distancias y redujeron los costes.

• Los primeros pasos con la invención del aeroplano por los hermanos Wright (1903).

• Comunicaciones: Invención del teléfono, de la telegrafía sin hilos y de la radio (transmisión instantánea de noticias).

Implantación de Nuevas Formas de Trabajo

• Taylorismo: Organización empresarial que controla el trabajo de los operarios y de otras empresas.

• Fordismo: Producción en cadena, en la que cada operario realiza solo una parte del proceso productivo.

• Holding: Organización empresarial que posee acciones y controla el proceso productivo.

Era Meiji

Era Meiji: periodo de la historia de Japón caracterizado por la modernización acelerada y la occidentalización, que transformó el país de un sistema feudal a una potencia industrial.

Correo informal

Hi Alex,

How are you? I hope everything is going great. I wanted to write to you because, honestly, this week has been really exhausting. We had tests in English and Maths and, on top of this, our teacher gave us a new history project. I felt like I had no free time at all.

Basically, every afternoon I came home, did my homework, and studied a bit more. All the same, I tried to stay positive because I know things will get easier soon. Actually, on Wednesday I took a break and went for a walk with my sister. It helped me relax a lot.

At the weekend things were better. I finally had time to sleep and watch some series. I also met a friend on Sunday, and we played football for a while. It was fun, even though I was still a bit tired.

Anyway, I also wanted to ask if you are free next weekend. Maybe we could meet, go to the park or just hang out somewhere. Let me know what you think.

Talk to you soon!

Best,

Zaira Barros

Situación vergonzosa

Last weekend I had a really embarrassing moment when I went horse riding. I ride horses quite often, so I wasn't nervous at all. At the beginning everything seemed perfect and the horse was calm.

After a few minutes, the horse suddenly started walking faster, and I didn't know why. My foot slipped out of the stirrup, and I felt myself losing balance. For a moment, I thought I was going to fall off in front of everyone.

Some people saw what happened and laughed a little. My face turned bright red, but I managed to sit back properly. In the end, the horse calmed down and I continued riding slowly. Now I can laugh about it, but at that moment it was really embarrassing.