Inglés: Present Simple, Continuous y Perfect - Gramática con Ejemplos

Present Simple

↳ Habits, routines and facts ↲

+ Subject + verb in present simple

- Subject + do/does + not + verb bare infinitive

? (Question word) + do/does + subject + verb bare infinitive

↠I run everyday |

Present Continuous / Progressive

↳ Temporary actions (always) ↲

+ Subject + am/are/is + verb -ing

- Subject + am/are/is + not + verb -ing

? (Question word) + am/are/is + subject + verb -ing

↠She is studying |

Present Perfect Simple

↳ States that started and end in the past (yet, already, since) ↲

+ Subject + have/has + past participle

- Subject + have/has + not + past participle

? (Question word) + have/has + past participle

↠I have

Present Perfect Continuous

↳ States that started and continue (yet, already, since) [Ha estado pasando] ↲

+ Subject + have/has + been + verb -ing

- Subject + have/has + not + been + verb -ing

? (Question word) + have/has + subject + been + verb -ing

↠I have been

↠She has been living here since she was five

Comparatives

Ending: -er (two) Too (bastante)

He is stronger than my bro             It's too easy

Ending: -est (one in a group) Enough (suficiente)

He is the strongest in my class             It's fast enough

More (two) Much (Intensifier)

She is more patient than me             The exam was much more easier than I thought.

Most (one in a group)

She is the most patient in the class

Comparative Forms: Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives/adverbs with 1 or 2 syllables

Women are more likely to have the condition than men.

Adjectives/adverbs with more than two syllables

Some people experience music more emotionally because of the colours it produces.

Irregular adjectives/adverbs

Our sense of direction is often worse.

Comparing one item in a group with other items in the same group

I have the most common form of the condition.

Adjectives/adverbs that show when something is more than necessary (too) or not sufficient (not enough)

Suddenly the background sounds can become too loud.

Comparing two equal things (as...as) or two different things (not as...as)

They perform as well as others in most subjects.

We often don't do as well as our peers at maths.

Double comparatives for emphasis and to show continual change

The older I get, the keener I am to keep it to myself.

Adverbs of degree

If I feel very stressed, the colours feel much stronger.

Word Formation: Suffixes

Noun suffixes: -ence, -ment, -ness, -ity, -y

Adjective suffixes: -able, -ful, -ible, -ic, -ish, -ive, -less

verb → noun           differ → difference

adjective → noun           tired → tiredness

verb → adjective           access → accessible

noun → adjective           fool → foolish

Phrasal Verbs

• Add to (añadir)
• Get sth across (atravesar)
• Give sth away (regalar algo)
• Give sth up (abandonar algo)
• Miss out on sth (perderse de algo)
• Take off (quitar)
• Try sth out (probar algo)
• More likely (más propenso a)

Experiences and Feelings

• Anxious (ansioso) | Tense (tenso)
• Insulted (insultado) | Offended (ofendido)
• Sympathetic (simpático) | Understanding (comprensivo)
• Petrified (espantado/impactado) | Terrified (aterrorizado)
• Moved (conmovido) | Delighted (fascinado/emocionado)
• Determined (determinado) | Strong-willed (de voluntad fuerte)
• Thrilled (fascinado/emocionado)
• Relieved (aliviado)

Verbs / Adjectives / Nouns

Affect (afectar) [v], apparently (aparentemente) [adv], approve (aprobar) [v], conclude (concluir) [v], cosy (acogedor) [adj], dismiss (descartar) [v], dull (tedioso) [adj], gift (regalo) [n], nerve-racking (estresante) [adj], overwhelming (abrumador) [adj], pigeonhole (archivar) [v-n], pretty (lindo) [adv], reluctantly (de mala gana) [adv], seminar (seminario) [n], willing (dispuesto) [adj], worthwhile (vale la pena) [adj]

Suffixes

Adjective endings | Noun endings

Accessible (accesible)         Achievement (logro)
Achievable (realizable)         Confidence (confianza)
Childish (infantil)               Deafness (sordera)
Comfortable (cómodo)           Difference (diferencia)
Competitive (competitivo)        Excitement (emoción)
Dreadful (terrible)                   Fitness (aptitud física)
Energetic (enérgico)              Happiness (felicidad)
Excitable (exaltado)                 Laziness (pereza)
Fashionable (de moda)            Tiredness (cansancio)
Foolish (tonto)
Hopeful (esperanzado)

Hopeless (sin esperanza)
Painless (sin dolor)
Painful (doloroso)
Repetitive (repetitivo)
Scientific (científico)
Visible (visible)

Phrases for Recommendations

• Not really worth (realmente no vale la pena)
• Perfect (perfecto)
• Thoroughly (completamente/a fondo)
• Won't regret (no arrepentirse)
• Worth trying (vale la pena intentarlo)
• Wouldn't recommend (no lo recomendaría)