Past Perfect en inglés: estructura, usos y ejemplos con verbos irregulares
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Past Perfect: Sujeto + HAD + Participio
(3.ª columna en verbos irregulares, -ed/-d en verbos regulares)
Tiempos verbales: activa y pasiva
| Tiempo verbal | Voz activa | Voz pasiva |
|---|---|---|
| Presente simple | Produces / produce | Is / are produced |
| Presente continuo | Is / are producing | Is / are being produced |
| Pasado simple | Produced | Was / were produced |
| Pasado continuo | Was / were producing | Was / were being produced |
| Pretérito perfecto | Has / have produced | Has / have been produced |
| Pretérito pluscuamperfecto | Had produced | Had been produced |
| Futuro | Will produce | Will be produced |
| Futuro perfecto | Will have produced | Will have been produced |
| Condicional | Would produce | Would be produced |
| Condicional perfecto | Would have produced | Would have been produced |
| Infinitivo presente | To produce | To be produced |
| Infinitivo perfecto | To have produced | To have been produced |
| Gerundio | Producing | Being produced |
| Gerundio perfecto | Having produced | Having been produced |
Question tags
- Frase afirmativa + question tag negativa: Jane's a very good driver, isn't she?
- Frase negativa + question tag positiva: You don't know how to drive, do you?
Compound nouns
- Sustantivo + sustantivo: countryside...
- Sustantivo + ing: data-processing...
- Verbo + preposición: make-up...
- -ing + sustantivo: dining-room, driving school...
- Adjetivo + sustantivo: bad blood, blackboard...
- Preposición + verbo: input, output...
Reported statements (estilo indirecto)
Estructura: SUJETO + VERBO INTRODUCTOR (told, asked, advised, warned...) + OBJETO + TO + INFINITIVO. Si es negativo, ponemos NOT delante de TO + INFINITIVO.
Cambios de tiempo verbal
| Estilo directo | Estilo indirecto |
|---|---|
| Present simple: 'Practice makes perfect' | Past simple: He said (that) practice made perfect |
| Present continuous: 'I'm telling you the truth' | Past continuous: He said (that) he was telling me the truth |
| Present perfect simple: 'I've missed the bus' | Past perfect: He said (that) he had missed the bus |
| Past simple: 'The cat ate my book' | Past perfect: He said (that) the cat had eaten his book |
Cambios de los verbos modales
| Estilo directo | Estilo indirecto |
|---|---|
| CAN: 'Detailed lies can be more effective' | COULD: He said (that) detailed lies could be more effective |
| WILL: 'I'll know if you're lying' | WOULD: He said (that) he would know if I was lying |
| MUST / HAVE (GOT) TO: 'You must be more truthful' | HAD TO: He said (that) I had to be more truthful |
| MAY: 'He may not believe you' | MIGHT: He said (that) he might not believe me |
Cambios de expresiones de tiempo y lugar
| Estilo directo | Estilo indirecto |
|---|---|
| THIS | THAT |
| HERE | THERE |
| TODAY | THAT DAY |
| YESTERDAY | THE DAY BEFORE / THE PREVIOUS DAY |
| TOMORROW | THE NEXT DAY / THE FOLLOWING DAY |
| TONIGHT | THAT NIGHT |
| TOMORROW MORNING | THE FOLLOWING MORNING |
| YESTERDAY AFTERNOON | THE PREVIOUS AFTERNOON |
| NEXT WEEK / MONTH / YEAR | THE FOLLOWING WEEK / MONTH / YEAR |
| LAST WEEK / MONTH / YEAR | THE PREVIOUS WEEK / MONTH / YEAR |
| A WEEK / MONTH / YEAR AGO | A WEEK / MONTH / YEAR BEFORE |
Reported questions
- Wh-questions: sujeto detrás del pronombre interrogativo y verbo detrás del sujeto. (He said, 'What are you doing?' → He asked what I was doing.)
- Yes/No questions: introducidas por IF o WHETHER. El sujeto va delante del verbo. (He said to me, 'Are you a good driver?' → He asked me if/whether I was a good driver.)
Reporting verbs
ASK, WARN, APOLOGISE, REMIND, OFFER, SUGGEST, TELL...
- Ejemplo: I promised that I would tell the truth. (Oraciones introducidas por THAT)
- AGREE y PROMISE pueden ir seguidos de TO + INFINITIVO. Ejemplo: I promised to tell the truth...
- VERBO + OBJETO + TO + INFINITIVO: My mother warned me to be suspicious of people...
- Verbos seguidos de -ING: accuse someone of, admit, apologise for, insist on, recommend, suggest. Ejemplo: The Prime Minister was accused of deceiving the electorate.
Compound adjectives
absent-minded (despistado), record-breaking (que bate todos los récords)
Comparatives y superlatives
| Adjetivo | Comparativo | Superlativo |
|---|---|---|
| Tall | Taller | Tallest |
| Safe | Safer | Safest |
| Hot | Hotter | Hottest |
| Big | Bigger | Biggest |
| Easy | Easier | Easiest |
| Beautiful | More beautiful | Most beautiful |
| Good | Better | Best |
| Bad | Worse | Worst |
| Much / many | More | Most |
| Little | Less | Least |
| Far | Farther / further | Farthest / furthest |
Vocabulario por temas
Medio ambiente
Drought (sequía), energy-saving (de bajo consumo), environmental (medioambiental), flood (inundación), global warming (calentamiento global), greenhouse effect (efecto invernadero), noise pollution (contaminación acústica), oil slick (marea negra), toxic waste (residuos tóxicos), wind power (energía eólica).
Tráfico
Avoid collision (evitar colisión), break down (averiarse), breakdown (avería), bypass (circunvalación), crash helmet (casco), drink and drive (conducir bajo efectos del alcohol), emergency lights (luces de emergencia), flash (encender, hacer señal), fine (multa), give way (ceder el paso), injury (lesión), knocked down (atropellado), motorway (autopista), obey (obedecer), overtake (adelantar), parking ticket (aviso de multa), pedestrian (peatón), road safety (seguridad vial), road sign (señal de tráfico), safe distance (distancia de seguridad), seat belt (cinturón de seguridad), traffic jam (atasco), traffic lights (semáforo), traffic warden (guardia de tráfico).
Lenguaje corporal
Arms crossed (brazos cruzados), awkward (poco elegante), cover the mouth (taparse la boca), deceiving (engañoso), friendliness (simpatía), hands on hips (manos en las caderas), liar (mentiroso), look up (mirar hacia arriba), lying (decir mentiras), make eye contact (mantener contacto visual), open arms (brazos abiertos), sit forward (sentarse hacia delante), strange (raro), whole truth (toda la verdad).
Libro de lectura: The 39 Steps
The 39 Steps (Los 39 escalones), de Alfred Hitchcock.
- Richard Hannay: protagonista
- Pamela: mujer que besa en el tren
- Annabella Smith: agente secreta
- Profesor Jordan: hombre con medio dedo cortado; es a quien Hannay busca siguiendo las pistas de Annabella
- Margaret: esposa del granjero
- John: granjero
- Señora Louisa Jordan
- Watson: policía
- Señor Memory: conocía todos los secretos de la conspiración; era humorista