Resumen Completo de Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos, Modales y Condicionales

Tiempos Verbales

Presente Simple

Se utiliza para hablar de rutinas diarias, verdades universales e historias. Estructura: [Sujeto + verbo en infinitivo + complemento].

• Adverbios: always, usually, often, sometimes, hardly ever.
• Ejemplo: They go to school.

Presente Continuo

Se utiliza para hablar de acciones que ocurren en el momento. Estructura: [Sujeto + to be en presente + verbo en -ing + complemento].

• Adverbios: now, at the moment, today.
• Ejemplo: You’re reading a book.

Pasado Simple

Se utiliza para acciones terminadas. Estructura: Sujeto + verbo en pasado (-ed o 2ª columna) + complemento.

• Adverbios: yesterday, last week, in 2005.
• Ejemplo: They went to school.

Pasado Continuo

Se utiliza para acciones en progreso en el pasado o acciones interrumpidas. Estructura: [Sujeto + was/were + verbo en -ing + complemento]. [while + sujeto + verbo en -ing, + -ing o + -ed].

• Adverbios: at the moment, then, when, while.
• Ejemplo: They were going to school.

Pasado Perfecto

Se utiliza para hablar de acciones que han ocurrido antes que otras en el pasado. Estructura: Sujeto + had + participio pasado (-ed o 3ª columna) + complemento.

• Adverbios: for (durante), since (desde), ever (alguna vez), just (acabar de), already (ya), yet (todavía), lately (últimamente), always (siempre), never (nunca).

Pronombres Relativos

• Who: quien
• That: quien / que
• Whom: a quien
• Whose: cuyo/a
• What: qué
• Which: el/la cual
• Where: donde

Futuro

• Will: Hechos no definitivos, futuro lejano, predicciones. [will o won’t + infinitivo sin to]. Ejemplo: They’ll go to school.
• Be going to: Cosas seguras, planeadas, intenciones de futuro. [sujeto + be + going to + infinitivo sin to]. Ejemplo: They are going to go to school.
• Present Continuous: Cosas definitivas e inmediatas. [sujeto + be + verbo en -ing]. Ejemplo: They are going to school.

Gerundios e Infinitivos

• Gerundios: Detrás de preposiciones, likes o dislikes, love, enjoy, like, don’t mind, have, can’t stand, avoid (evitar) y practice.
• Infinitivos: Detrás de adjetivos, para explicar la razón de algo, want, help, need, plan, decide, learn, somewhere, something, how, what…

Verbos Modales

• Can: Saber/poder (I can swim).
• Be able to: Ser capaz de (They will be able to see).
• Can’t: No poder, no saber (I can’t swim).
• Could: Supo/podía (She could run before).
• May/might: Puede/podría (The tourist might be disappointed).
• May: Puede (May I borrow...?).
• Should: Deberías (She should be).
• Need to: Necesitar (I need to know).
• Have to: Tener que (I have to).
• Must: Deber (They must evacuate).
• Mustn’t: No debes.
• Don’t have to: No tienes que.
• Needn’t: No es necesario que.
• Would: Condicional (Would you like some more?).

Deducción: 100% must / 50% might / 0% can’t.

Condicionales

• Primer tipo: If + present + present/future/modal/imperative.
• Segundo tipo: If + past + would + infinitivo.
• Tercer tipo: If + past perfect + would + have + participio pasado.

Voz Pasiva

La estructura general cambia el verbo principal a su forma de participio pasado precedido por el verbo "to be" conjugado según el tiempo verbal (is made, was being made, has been made, etc.).

Reported Speech

Al pasar a estilo indirecto, los tiempos verbales retroceden un paso al pasado:

• Present simple > Past simple: "I like coffee" -> He said that he liked coffee.
• Present continuous > Past continuous: "I am doing my homework" -> She announced she was doing her homework.
• Simple past > Past perfect: "I gave her a present" -> He confirmed he had given her a present.
• Present perfect > Past perfect: "I have never been there" -> He said he had never been there.
• Future > Conditional: "I will help you" -> She said she would help me.
• Imperative > Infinitivo: "Open the door" -> He told me to open the door.