Tiempos verbales en inglés, preguntas WH y categorías gramaticales: referencia para estudiantes

Tiempos verbales en inglés

Presente simple: he/she/it + es, s, ies, etc. Do/does
Presente continuo: is/are + verb (inf) + ing
Pasado simple: verb (past). Did
Pasado continuo: was/were + verb (past) + ing
Presente perfecto: have/has + verb (part)
Pasado perfecto: had + verb (part)
Futuro simple: will + verb (inf)
Futuro cercano: is/are + going to + verb (inf)

Palabras interrogativas (WH questions)

What = Qué
Which = Cuál/Cuáles
When = Cuándo
Why = Por qué
Where = Dónde
Who = Quién
Whom = A quién
How = Cómo
Whose = De quién
How many = Contables
How much = Incontables
What time = A qué hora
How far = A qué distancia / Cuán lejos
How long = Cuánto tiempo
How old = Qué edad / Cuántos años
How often = Cuán a menudo

Present perfect

We use the present perfect for recent past actions that have effects even in the present.

Partes de la oración

Sustantivos

Common noun: a noun used as the name of a class of things.

Proper noun: a name that belongs only to some particular person, place, or thing (Henry, Boston, Monday, April).

Noun: words that name people, places, or things (dad, sister, friend, Mr. Jones, park, school, New York).

Adjetivos y adverbios

Adjective: describes nouns or pronouns.

Adverb: describes verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Noun + adjective = noun phrase.

Adjectives that function as complements are called predicate adjectives.

Otras categorías

Conjunction: a connecting word.

Interjection: an emotion word (ouch!, wow!!!).

Verb: an action word.

Pronoun: a substitute word.

Modifiers: words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences.

Frases preposicionales

Preposition phrase: preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause.
(preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun...)

A prepositional phrase can function as an adjective or an adverb.

Como adjetivo

It answers the question Which one?

The note from Beverly confessed that she had eaten the leftover pizza.

Which note? The one from Beverly!

Como adverbio

It answers questions such as How, when, or where.

Otros elementos gramaticales

Dirección directa

Direct address: nouns used to get the attention of the person to whom one wants to speak.
(Peter, where are you going? / Mother, can I have the basket?)

Verbos auxiliares

Helping verbs:

• Be: is, are, was, were, am, be, being, been
• Have: have, has, had
• Do: do, does, did, done
• Modales y otros: will, going to, used to

Pronombres y adjetivos posesivos

Personal pronouns (sujeto): I, you, she, he, it, we, they

Possessive adjectives: my, yours, his, her, its, our, your, their

Possessive pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs

Object pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them

She: personal pronoun, 3rd person singular.
You: personal pronoun, 2nd person singular.