Vocabulario, gramática y verbos irregulares en inglés: delitos, justicia, condicionales y más

Vocabulario: Crime (delitos)

Crime

• Pickpocketing (carterismo) / mugging (robo con amenaza) / speeding (exceso de velocidad) / stealing (mangar) / shoplifting (robar en tienda) / pirating (piratear) / vandalizing (vandalismo) / graffiti (grafiti) / litter (basura) / smuggling (contrabando) / pushing (pasar droga) / burgling (robar en una casa) / robbing (robo, por ejemplo en una oficina de correos) / fare-dodging (no pagar el transporte) / touting (revender)

Vocabulario: The justice system (el sistema judicial)

• Court (juzgado) / defendant (acusado) / evidence (pruebas) / fine (multa) / judge (juez) / jury (jurado) / lawyer (abogado) / trial (juicio) / verdict (veredicto) / witness (testigo)
• Suspected of (sospechoso de) / acquitted of (absuelto de) / arrested for (arrestado por) / charged with (acusado formalmente de) / fined (pagar una multa) / accused of (acusado de) / convicted of (condenado por) / sentenced to (sentenciado a)

Phrasal verbs

• Break into (allanar) / break out of (fugarse de) / hold up (atracar) / get away with (escapar impune de) / hack into (hackear)

Noun suffixes (sufijos de sustantivos)

• burgle – burglar – burglary
• murder – murderer – murder
• pickpocket – pickpocketing
• rob – robber – robbery
• shoplift – shoplifter – shoplifting
• smuggle – smuggler – smuggling
• steal – thief – theft
• tout – touter – touting
• vandalize – vandal – vandalism

Gramática: Conditionals (condicionales)

• 0 Conditional: If + present simple, present simple (verdades absolutas)
• 1st Conditional: If/Unless + present simple, will + infinitive (resultados probables)
• 2nd Conditional: If/Unless + past simple, would/could + infinitive (situación imaginaria en el presente)
• 3rd Conditional: If/Unless + past perfect, would have + past participle (situación imaginaria en el pasado)
• Mixed Conditional: If + past perfect, would + infinitive / If + past simple, would have + past participle

Gramática: Relative clauses (oraciones de relativo)

• Who (personas) / where (lugares) / whose (posesión) / which (cosas) / when (tiempo)
• Defining relative clauses: información esencial, sin comas, puede usarse that.
• Non-defining relative clauses: información extra, con comas, nunca that.

Gramática: Reported speech (estilo indirecto)

• Present simple → past simple
• Past simple → past perfect
• Present continuous → past continuous
• Present perfect → past perfect
• will → would / can → could / may → might / must → had to
• this → that / these → those / here → there / now → then / today → that day / tonight → that night / yesterday → the day before / tomorrow → the next day

Reported questions

• “How old are you?” → Mary asked me how old I was.
• “Jim: Call me later.” → Jim asked me to call him later.

Gramática: Active and passive voice (voz activa y pasiva)

• Activa: Sujeto + verbo + complemento directo + resto
• Pasiva: Complemento directo + verbo to be (mismo tiempo que la activa) + participio (3ª columna) + resto + by + sujeto
• Pronombres: I – me, you – you, he – him, she – her, it – it, we – us, they – them

Gramática: Modal verbs (verbos modales)

• Ability: can + infinitive (presente) / could + infinitive (pasado) / be able to (formal, todos los tiempos) / will be able to (futuro)
• Probability: should / ought to + infinitive (presente y futuro) / may / might / could + infinitive (posibilidad) / could have + participio (pasado)
• Obligation: must / have to (presente) / had to (pasado) / will have to (futuro)
• Advice: should / ought to / had better + infinitive (presente) / should have + participio (pasado)
• Permission and requests: can + infinitive / be allowed to + infinitive (presente) / could + infinitive / was/were allowed to + infinitive (pasado)

Gramática: Infinitive y gerund (infinitivo y gerundio)

Infinitive (to + verbo)

• Después de algunos verbos: agree, appear, ask, choose, claim, decide, demand, expect, happen, learn, need, offer, plan, know, refuse, seem, wait, want, would
• Después de adjetivos
• Para expresar finalidad
• Verbo + objeto (me, you, him, us, them) + infinitive
• Con let (permitir), make (hacer) + objeto + infinitive sin to

Gerund (verbo + -ing)

• Después de algunos verbos: admit, advise, allow, complete, consider, defend, deny, discuss, don't mind, enjoy, involve, regret, recommend, suggest, understand, can't stand, go, fight
• Como sujeto de la oración
• Después de preposiciones (by, for, about, of)
• Con ambos (infinitive o gerund): like, hate, help, begin, finish

Get / be used to

• Be used to + -ing: estar acostumbrado a
• Get used to + -ing: acostumbrarse a

Verbos irregulares

be – was/were – been / bear – bore – borne / beat – beat – beaten / become – became – become / begin – began – begun / bend – bent – bent / bet – bet – bet / bite – bit – bitten / bleed – bled – bled / blow – blew – blown / break – broke – broken / bring – brought – brought / build – built – built / burn – burnt/burned – burnt/burned / buy – bought – bought / catch – caught – caught / choose – chose – chosen / come – came – come / cost – cost – cost / cut – cut – cut / dig – dug – dug / do – did – done / draw – drew – drawn / dream – dreamed – dreamed / drink – drank – drunk / drive – drove – driven / eat – ate – eaten / fall – fell – fallen / feed – fed – fed / feel – felt – felt / fight – fought – fought / find – found – found / fly – flew – flown / forbid – forbade – forbidden / forget – forgot – forgotten / forgive – forgave – forgiven / freeze – froze – frozen / get – got – got / give – gave – given / go – went – gone / grow – grew – grown / hang – hung – hung / have – had – had / hear – heard – heard / hit – hit – hit / hold – held – held / hurt – hurt – hurt / keep – kept – kept / know – knew – known / lead – led – led / learn – learned – learned / leave – left – left / lend – lent – lent / let – let – let / lie – lay – lain / light – lit – lit / lose – lost – lost / make – made – made / mean – meant – meant / meet – met – met / pay – paid – paid / put – put – put / read – read – read / ride – rode – ridden / ring – rang – rung / rise – rose – risen / run – ran – run / say – said – said / see – saw – seen / sell – sold – sold / send – sent – sent / shake – shook – shaken / shine – shone – shone / shoot – shot – shot / show – showed – shown / shut – shut – shut / sing – sang – sung / sink – sank – sunk / sit – sat – sat / sleep – slept – slept / smell – smelt – smelt / speak – spoke – spoken / spell – spelled – spelled / spend – spent – spent / stand – stood – stood / swim – swam – swum / take – took – taken / teach – taught – taught / tell – told – told / think – thought – thought / throw – threw – thrown / write – wrote – written