Gramàtica Anglesa: Temps Verbals, Passiva, Condicionals i Relatius

Temps Verbals Perfectes

Present Perfect Simple

Estructura: Subjecte + have/has + verb en participi (o acabat en -ed).

Interrogativa: Have/has + subjecte + verb en participi? (Ex: Have you talked?)

Present Perfect Continuous

Estructura: Subjecte + have/has been + verb en -ing.

Interrogativa: Have/has + subjecte + been + verb en -ing?

Past Perfect Simple

Estructura: Subjecte + had + verb en participi (o acabat en -ed).

Interrogativa: Had + subjecte + verb en participi o -ed?

Past Perfect Continuous

Estructura: Subjecte + had been + verb en -ing.

Interrogativa: Had + subjecte + been + verb en -ing?

Veu Passiva i Causatives

La Veu Passiva

Exemple: Many people sell wanted gifts → Wanted gifts are sold by many people.

• Are selling → Are being sold
• Sold → Were sold
• Will sell → Will be sold
• Have sold → Have been sold
• Can sell → Can be sold
• Were selling → Were being sold
• Had sold → Had been sold
• Must have sold → Must have been sold
• Have to sell → Have to be sold
• Are going to sell → Are going to be sold

Estructures Causatives

S'utilitza quan encarreguem alguna cosa a algú.

Estructura: Subjecte + have/get (o had/got) + objecte + verb en participi.

Exemples:

• I had my bedroom painted.
• I'm going to have/get my hair cut next week.

Oracions Condicionals i Desideratives

Primer Tipus (First Conditional)

Estructura: If + subjecte + present simple + complement, subjecte + will + verb base + complement.

Exemple: If I feel better later, we will go shopping.

Segon Tipus (Second Conditional)

Estructura: If + subjecte + past simple + complement, subjecte + would + verb base + complement.

Tercer Tipus (Third Conditional)

Estructura: If + subjecte + had + verb participi + complement, subjecte + would / could / might + have + verb participi + complement.

Oracions Desideratives (Wish / If Only)

• Wish / If only + past simple: S'utilitza per a desigs en present. (Ex: He wishes his house were bigger / If only I lived near).
• Wish / If only + past perfect: S'utilitza per a penediments en passat. (Ex: Pam wishes she and Tom hadn't broken up / If only Sarah had arrived earlier).
• Wish / If only + could / would + verb base: S'utilitza per a peticions o desigs de canvi. (Ex: I wish I could improve my marks / If only he would call me).

Oracions de Relatiu (Relative Clauses)

Defining Relative Clauses (Explicatives)

Sense elles, la frase queda incompleta. Utilitzen: who, which, whose, where, when, whom (només darrere de preposicions).

Non-defining Relative Clauses (No explicatives)

Afegeixen informació extra i solen anar entre comes. Si la frase va al final, només se separa per una coma. Mai s'utilitzen amb that o whom.

Estructura Formal

S'utilitza whom per a les persones i la preposició amb el seu relatiu passa al centre.

• I eventually got the letter. I had been waiting for it for weeks → I eventually got the letter for which I had been waiting for weeks.
• I have spoken to the salesperson. You complained about her → I have spoken to the salesperson about whom you complained.

Estructura Informal

El relatiu es col·loca al mig, s'omet el pronom personal i, normalment, la preposició va al final.

1. ... which I had been waiting for for weeks.
2. ... whom you complained about.

He is a famous scientist. I would love to work with him → He is a famous scientist whom I would love to work with.

Regla general: S'usa which si li precedeix una cosa, i whom si li precedeix una persona.