English Vocabulary and Grammar: Music, Environment, Modal Verbs and Relative Clauses

Vocabulary

Unit 4

analogue, bass clef, beat (rhythm), concert, digital, gig, group, live album, lyrics, melody, rhythm, solo artist, studio album, treble clef, tune (melody), words.

Vocabulary 1

amplify, bland (uninteresting), catchy, challenging (estimulante), compose, deafening (ensordecedor), ear-splitting (deafening), high-pitched (piercing), soothing (relaxing), thought-provoking.

Language in context

auditory nerve, cochlea (caracol óseo), convert, eardrum, pinna.

Vocabulary 2

annoyed, challenged, deafened, disappointed, entertained, exhausted, fascinated, motivated, relaxed, worried. All these verbs can be used with -ing.

bad-tempered, big-headed, good-humored, good-looking, hard-working, long-haired, sell-out, well-built and well-known.

Unit 5

Energy efficiency, insulation, recycling, solar panel, traffic jam.

Vocabulary 1

building, emission, government, recycling, reduction, saving.

Language in context

carbon emissions, carbon footprint, CO₂ contribution, greenhouse gases, measure, offsetting, quantify.

Vocabulary 2

avoid talking, keep improving, enjoy going out, miss seeing, used to consuming, get used to consume.

Unit 4 - Modal Verbs

Obligation, lack of obligation, advice and prohibition.

Obligation: must, have to, has to.
Lack of obligation: don't have to / doesn't have to, needn't.

Advice: should, ought to, must.
Prohibition: mustn't, can't.

Possibility: 50%: may; 25%: might, could.
Certainty 100%: must
No certainty: can't.

Present ability: can + verb / can't.
Past ability: could / couldn't.

Modal perfect

Past possibility: I may have heard...
Certainty: must have.
Impossibility: can't have...
Criticism: should / shouldn't.
Permission: could have...

Unit 5 - Defining / Non-defining Relative Clauses

Where - to places, who / that - to people, which / that - to things and ideas, when - to time, whose - to possession.

Who, which and that can be omitted when they are the object of the verb. Whose can never be omitted.

Example: She's the lady (who / that) I told you about.

Non-defining clauses: additional information not necessary to the sentence; they use commas.

Example: Next year, when I am 18, I'll be able to vote.

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