Gerundio, infinitivo, condicionales, voz pasiva, wish y estilo indirecto en inglés

Use of Gerund

Después de preposiciones

El gerundio se usa después de preposiciones.

Como sustantivo

El gerundio puede funcionar como sustantivo.

Verbos seguidos de gerundio

admit, advise, avoid, can't help, can't imagine, can't stand, complete, consider, discuss, dislike, don't mind, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, keep, mention, mind, miss, practise, recommend, regret, report, resist, risk, suggest.

Use of Infinitive

Después de nombres

El infinitivo se usa después de nombres.

Después de adjetivos

El infinitivo se usa después de adjetivos.

Verbos seguidos de infinitivo

afford, agree, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, choose, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, mean, need, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, threaten, wait, want, wish.

Conditional

Tipos de condicionales

1. If + presente ___ future (will)
2. If + past ___ would + infinitivo / could (can) + infinitivo
3. If + past perfect ___ would have + participio pasado / could have + participio pasado

Observaciones

• Will e imperativo no siguen ninguna regla.
• Present ➝ past (tipo 2).
• Past ➝ past perfect (tipo 3).
• Con because se cambian de orden.
• Siempre de + a - y de - a +.

Passive Voice

Estructura

Verb to be + participio pasado

1. Con un objeto

He stole my watch ➝ My watch was stolen.

2. Con dos objetos

John sent me a postcard ➝ I was sent a postcard by John / A postcard was sent to me by John.

Tabla de tiempos verbales

• send ➝ is/are sent
• is sending ➝ is/are being sent
• sent ➝ was/were sent
• was sending ➝ was/were being sent
• have sent ➝ have/has been sent
• will send ➝ will be sent
• is going to send ➝ is going to be sent
• must send ➝ must be sent
• can send ➝ can be sent
• should send ➝ should be sent
• have to send ➝ have/has to be sent

Construcciones impersonales

• They say that the president lives in that old palace.
• It is said that the president lives in that old palace.
• The president is said to live in that old palace.

Wish

Pesar por presente

Se usa were en lugar de to be.

• I wish he were here (pero no está).
• I wish I had more money (pero no lo tengo).

Pesar por pasado

• I wish I had visited London when I went to England (pero no lo hice).

Deseo futuro o queja presente

• I wish you would be quiet (estás haciendo mucho ruido).

Indirect Speech (Estilo indirecto)

Oraciones normales

El verbo se mantiene en su tiempo cambiando según la regla de retroceso.

"I'm coming now", he said ➝ He said (that) he was coming then.

Oraciones imperativas

Se construyen con infinitivo, no tienen sujeto. Si se cambia el verbo, el it pasa a that.

"Look at those boys", my mother said ➝ My mother told me to look at those boys.

Oraciones interrogativas

Preguntas de sí/no

Se contestan con if / whether.

"Will you be able to come to the studio next week?" ➝ She asked if/whether I would be able to go to the studio the following week.

Preguntas con Wh-

Con what, who, where, when, why, whose, which.

"When did Serena Williams win the US Open?" I asked ➝ I asked when Serena Williams had won the US Open.

Cambios de tiempo verbal

• Is ➝ was
• Worked ➝ had worked
• Will ➝ would
• Is interviewing ➝ was interviewing
• Was writing ➝ had been writing
• Has enjoyed ➝ had enjoyed
• Has been watching ➝ had been watching
• Had made ➝ had made

Verbos para estilo indirecto

advise, explain, inform, remind, announce, mention, apologise, reply, offer, declare, wonder, admit, inquire, complain, promise, insist, claim, agree.