El Imperio Británico y To Kill a Mockingbird: Temas Clave, Colonización y Justicia Social
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1) The Conflict between Good and Evil
• The innocent perspective of Scout does not realize the evil side of human nature
• This viewpoint changes throughout the book
• The children learn about evil and the difficulties of controlling it
• It leads to the destruction of people like Tom Robinson
• Atticus acknowledges that there is some goodness in bad people
• Good: Atticus, Calpurnia, Sheriff Tate // Evil: Bob Ewell, Boo’s brother Nathan Radley, prejudiced community
2) Ambition
• Atticus is ambitious to fight for the innocent, even if he almost loses his respect in Maycomb
• In the end, the novel shows that Atticus was able to survive and regain his lost respect
• It proves that being ambitious for the right cause will lead anyone to victory
3) Education
• Atticus as the moral educator of his children
• The broken school system and Scout’s fights with her teacher
4) Prejudice
• The unjustified and cruel prejudicial system of Maycomb destroys people’s lives
• The most evident victim is Tom Robinson, falsely declared guilty
• Scout is also a victim of prejudice because of her tomboyish behavior
5) Moral Complexity
• Good and evil are not that easy to acknowledge or spot
• The children learn how people can change
• The ending raises moral questions, just like the justification for why one should not kill a mockingbird
6) Innocence
• Scout and Jem as representations of innocence
• The loss of innocence happens when they are confronted with the racist system
• This loss of innocence makes them more vulnerable and sympathetic towards society
7) Racism
• The “backbone” of the novel
• Various characters are confronted with discrimination (Tom Robinson and his family, Calpurnia, etc.)
• Scout explores the differences between white people and Black people
• Race is the only evidence used against Tom Robinson
8) Laws and Codes
• The critical importance of the legal system
• However, the laws and codes fail to provide justice to Tom Robinson
9) Knowledge
• Jem and Scout pass from innocence to knowledge as their characters develop during the story
• The moral knowledge they are taught by Atticus
• At first, they judge people through societal lenses; however, this changes and they come to know that the “monster” Boo Radley is in reality a pure soul
10) The Existence of Social Inequality
• The complicated social hierarchy of Maycomb explores the differences in social status of the people
• The rich Finches at the top of the hierarchy, the Cunninghams at the bottom, the Ewells and other communities in the middle
• Social inequality has an impact not only on the application of the legal system but also on public behavior
11) Coming of Age / Story of Initiation
• From innocence to experience: the children learn important lessons about life
• They are confronted with reality
• For example, Boo Radley: from a monster to a human being
The British Empire
Motives
• Trade and economics to increase wealth (monopoly on trade with Asia through the British East India Company)
• Adventure and politics (to prevent other countries from becoming too powerful)
• Religion (to spread Christianity)
Brief Overview of the History of Colonization
1. First British Empire (1583–1783)
→ Related to the North American continent (Caribbean, America)
2. Second Empire (after 1783)
• Focus on Asia (most of all India), large parts of Africa, and the Pacific
• Role of the global policeman (1815–1914)
• India as the most valuable possession of the Crown: British Raj, with Queen Victoria as Empress of India
3. Decolonization and Decline
• 1945–1997: Decline in prestige and political impact after WWII (bankruptcy; Great Britain had to rebuild its own country)
• Since 1931: increasing anti-colonial movements; Canada became the first self-governing colony (1839) through peaceful disengagement
• 1947: independence of India through the partition of the country into Pakistan and India, with violent conflicts among the population
• By 1980, all African colonies had been granted independence
• 1982: Falklands conflict, reversing the downward trend; the islands remain a British overseas territory
• 1997: symbolic end of the empire with the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong to China
The British Empire at Its Territorial Peak in 1920
• The largest empire and global power in history: it held more than 24% of the Earth’s total land area and a substantial share of the world population at that time
• “Empire on which the sun never sets”: a phrase describing an empire where the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories
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