Oraciones condicionales, voz activa y pasiva, estilo indirecto y modales perfectos en inglés

Oraciones condicionales en inglés

Zero conditional: situación que se repite siempre que se da una determinada condición. Alta probabilidad.
IF / WHEN / UNLESS + PRESENT SIMPLE, PRESENT SIMPLE

First conditional: expresa una posible acción futura que ocurrirá si se cumple la acción señalada. Una probabilidad.
IF / UNLESS + PRESENT SIMPLE, FUTURE SIMPLE (WILL + INF)

IF / UNLESS + PRESENT SIMPLE, IMPERATIVE: If you came, phone me.

Second conditional: expresa situaciones hipotéticas o imaginarias referidas al presente o al futuro. Poca probabilidad.
IF / UNLESS + PAST SIMPLE, SIMPLE CONDITIONAL (WOULD + INF)

Consejo: se usa WERE en vez de WAS.

Third conditional: la condición es totalmente imposible, pues se refiere al pasado y ya no puede realizarse. Sin probabilidad.
IF + PAST PERFECT (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE), PERFECT CONDITIONAL (WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE)

Voz activa y voz pasiva

Active: cuando el sujeto es la persona o cosa que realiza la acción (el agente), usamos un verbo activo.

Passive: cuando el sujeto no es el agente (el sujeto no está realizando la acción), usamos un verbo pasivo.

Verbos con un objeto

En oraciones pasivas, objeto = sujeto.

Act. Bell invented the phone. Pas. The phone was invented by Bell.

Verbos con dos objetos

Act. Henry gave some flowers to Claire. Pas. Some flowers were given to Claire by Henry.

Tabla de tiempos verbales en voz activa y pasiva

Estilo directo e indirecto (Reported Speech)

Afirmaciones

Direct speech: “It is hot,” Ann says.
Reported speech: Ann says (that) it is hot.

Direct speech: “It is hot,” Ann said.
Reported speech: Ann said (that) it was hot.

Direct speech: “This is my first time here,” Ann told me.
Reported speech: Ann told me (that) it was her first time there.

Preguntas indirectas

Direct speech: “Do you like living here?” Jane asked.
Reported speech: Jane asked if / whether I liked living there.

Direct speech: “When did you arrive?” Jane asked.
Reported speech: Jane asked when I had arrived.

Órdenes, peticiones y ofrecimientos

Direct speech: “Do the exercises,” the teacher said to the students.
Reported speech: The teacher asked the students to do the exercises.

Direct speech: “Don’t stay here,” the man said.
Reported speech: The man told us not to stay there.

Direct speech: “I’ll help you with your homework,” Tom said.
Reported speech: Tom offered to help me with my homework.

Sugerencias

Direct speech: “Let’s buy this book,” my friend said.
Reported speech: My friend suggested buying that book.
My friend suggested that we buy that book.

Modales de deducción en pasado