Gramática Inglesa: Tiempos Verbales y Vocabulario Esencial

Pronombres Indefinidos

• SOME: SOMEONE, SOMETHING, SOMEWHERE
• ANY: ANYONE, ANYTHING, ANYWHERE
• NO: NO ONE, NOTHING, NOWHERE

Pronombres Relativos

• Person: who/that
• Thing: which/that
• Place: where
• Time: when/that
• Possession: whose

Cláusulas Relativas

• DEFINING: sin coma, información esencial.
• NON-DEFINING: con comas, información extra (puede cambiar el orden).

Tiempos Verbales en Inglés

1. Present Simple

• Estructura: Sujeto + verbo en forma base (o con -s para he/she/it).
• Palabra clave: usually, always, every day.

2. Present Continuous

• Estructura: Sujeto + am/is/are + verbo -ing.
• Palabra clave: right now, at the moment, currently.

3. Past Simple

• Estructura: Sujeto + verbo en pasado (-ed o irregular).
• Palabra clave:

Subject and Object Questions in English

Understanding how to form questions about the subject or the object of a sentence is crucial.

Example Sentence: John sent a letter.

• Subject Question (asking about who performed the action):
  Who sent a letter?
  Answer: John.
• Object Question (asking about what received the action):
  What did John send?
  Answer: A letter.

Past Simple Tense

The Past Simple tense is used to talk about completed actions in the past.

Structure:

• Affirmative: Subject + verb (2nd form, regular verbs end in -ed).
• Negative: Subject + didn't + verb (infinitive/base form).
• Question: Did + subject + verb (infinitive/base form)?

Common Time Expressions for Past Simple:

• yesterday
• a month ago
• a year ago
• two weeks ago
• last year
• ...and other specific past time

Tiempos Verbales del Modo Indicativo: Ejemplos con el Verbo Cantar

Presente de Indicativo

• Yo canto
• Tú cantas
• Él / Ella canta
• Nosotros cantamos
• Vosotros cantáis
• Ellos / Ellas cantan

Pretérito Perfecto Compuesto de Indicativo

• Yo he cantado
• Tú has cantado
• Él / Ella ha cantado
• Nosotros hemos cantado
• Vosotros habéis cantado
• Ellos / Ellas han cantado

Pretérito Imperfecto de Indicativo

• Yo cantaba
• Tú cantabas
• Él / Ella cantaba
• Nosotros cantábamos
• Vosotros cantabais
• Ellos / Ellas cantaban

Pretérito Pluscuamperfecto de Indicativo

• Yo había cantado
• Tú habías cantado
• Él / Ella había cantado
• Nosotros habíamos cantado
• Vosotros habíais cantado
• Ellos / Ellas habían cantado

Pretérito Indefinido de Indicativo

• Yo canté
• Tú cantaste
• Él / Ella cantó
• Nosotros cantamos
• Vosotros

Tiempos Verbales Fundamentales

Past Simple

• I was
• He/She/It was
• You/We/They were

Past Continuous

• Structure: was/were + verb + -ing

Used To

Used to talk about habits or states that were true in the past but are not now.

• Positive: Subject + used to + base verb + complement
• Negative: Subject + didn't use to + base verb + complement
• Interrogative: Did + subject + use to + base verb + complement?

Present Perfect with Regular and Irregular Verbs

Used to describe actions that started in the past and continue to the present, or actions completed in the past with a result in the present.

• Positive: Subject + have/has + past participle
• Negative: Subject + haven't/hasn't + past participle
• Interrogative: Have/Has + subject + past participle?

Present Perfect with Already,

Estructura Gramatical Esencial del Inglés

1. Pronombres Personales y de Objeto

Pronombres Sujeto (Subject Pronouns)

Se utilizan para indicar quién realiza la acción.

• I (yo) → I am strong. (Yo soy fuerte)
• You (tú) → You are funny. (Tú eres divertido)
• He (él) → He is tall. (Él es alto)
• She (ella) → She is a teacher. (Ella es profesora)
• It (eso) → It is cold. (Hace frío)
• We (nosotros) → We are ready. (Nosotros estamos listos)
• You (vosotros) → You are kind. (Vosotros sois amables)
• They (ellos) → They are students. (Ellos son estudiantes)

Pronombres Objeto (Object Pronouns)

Se utilizan después de un verbo o una preposición, indicando quién recibe la acción.

• Me (me) → She likes me. (A ella le gusto)
• You (te) → I can help you. (Puedo

Vocabulari clau per departaments:

• Menswear (Roba d'home)
• Womenswear (Roba de dona)
• Lingerie (Roba interior)
• Gifts (Articles de regal)
• Kitchenware (Articles per a la cuina)
• Toys (Joguines)
• Bridal (Articles per a casaments)
• Cosmetics (Productes de bellesa)
• Furniture (Mobiliari)
• Lighting (Il·luminació)

Nombres ordinals:

• First (Primer)
• Second (Segon)
• Third (Tercer)
• Fourth (Quart)
• Fifth (Cinquè)
• Sixth (Sisè)
• Seventh (Setè)
• Eighth (Vuitè)
• Ninth (Novè)
• Tenth (Desè)

Preguntes sobre pisos i departaments:

1. A quin pis està la secció de roba interior?

   R: Al primer pis. (The lingerie department is on the first floor).

2. A quin pis estan les oficines d'atenció al client?

   R: Al cinquè pis. (The customer service offices are on the fifth floor).

3. A quin pis està la roba d'home?

VOCABULARY

Jobs

Accountant
Blogger
Cleaner
Electrician
Engineer
Interpreter
Mechanic
Film director
Psychologist
Translator

Librarian: bibliotecario
Personal trainer: entrenador personal
App developer: desarrollador de apps
Plumber: fontanero
Computer programmer: programador
Flight attendant: auxiliar de vuelo
Fashion designer
Freelance journalist: periodista independiente
Lab assistant: asistente de laboratorio
Shop assistant: dependiente
Travel agent: agente de viajes
Music critic: crítico de música

Work

Do/work overtime: hacer/trabajar horas extras
Flexible working hours: horas de trabajo flexibles
Hourly rate: tarifa por hora
Pay rise: aumento salarial
Member of staff: miembro del personal
Paid holiday: vacaciones pagadas
Temporary/permanent

Unit 4 Test: Level 1

Section 1: Vocabulary - Places and Jobs

1.1 Complete the sentences with the correct word:

• 1. lives
• 2. place / town
• 3. rubbish
• 4. foot
• 5. city / town
• 6. street
• 7. poor
• 8. walk
• 9. town / city
• 10. job

Section 2: Phrasal Verbs

2.1 Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings or complete the sentences:

• 1. turn up
• 2. cutting in
• 3. turned down
• 4. cut down on
• 5. turned out

Section 3: Word Formation

3.1 Add prefixes or suffixes to form new words:

• 1. overcrowded
• 2. impossible
• 3. illegible
• 4. relocate
• 5. unhealthy
• 6. underfed
• 7. irresponsible
• 8. cooperate
• 9. misbehave
• 10. megacity

Section 4: Modal Verbs (Possibility and Obligation)

4.1 Choose the correct modal verb:

• 1. might
• 2. could
• 3. Can
• 4. should
• 5. must

Section 5: Modal Verbs (Ability, Permission, and Advice)

5.1 Choose... Continuar leyendo "Mastering English Vocabulary and Grammar: Level 1 Exercises" »

Present Simple

Usos:

• To describe things that are generally true (Para describir lo que es cierto en general)

  Example: The school prepares students aged 14-19. (La escuela prepara a los estudiantes de 14 a 19 años.)

• To talk about regular actions (Para hablar de acciones habituales)

  Example: Students study Maths and English every week. (Los alumnos estudian Matemáticas e Inglés cada semana.)

Present Continuous

Usos:

• To talk about actions in progress at the moment of speaking (Para hablar sobre las acciones en curso en el momento de hablar)

  Example: My friends are practising right now. (Mis amigos están practicando en este momento.)

Vocabulary

Términos y Expresiones:

• Getting a pay rise: conseguir un aumento de sueldo
• Failing an exam because you didn't

Understanding and Reducing Your Carbon Footprint

Climate change significantly impacts our planet, and a key factor is the carbon footprint. This essay explores how daily habits affect the environment and discusses practical ways to reduce emissions.

Activities That Increase the Carbon Footprint

• Transportation: Personal vehicles, especially those powered by fossil fuels, are major contributors to CO₂ emissions.
• Food Consumption: Consuming certain foods, particularly red meat, generates a high carbon footprint due to emissions from livestock farming.
• Energy Use: Relying on non-renewable sources for electricity and heating in homes increases the carbon footprint.

Ways to Reduce the Carbon Footprint

• Sustainable Transportation: Opting for walking, biking,